Download - RANGELAND HYDROLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS Lamar Smith Cascabel Ranch and Consulting Carta Valley, Texas
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RANGELAND HYDROLOGY BASIC CONCEPTS
Lamar Smith
Cascabel Ranch and Consulting
Carta Valley, Texas
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OBJECTIVES
Understand water balance Understand basic erosion processes on rangeland Understand how brush control affects water yield and
erosion
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PrecipitationRunoffInfiltrationEvaporationTranspirationTransmission lossesGroundwater recharge
Summarizing Hydrologic Data
Water balance – an accounting method
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Annual Water balance for the Upper San Pedro River
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Annual Water Balance for the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed
Ephemeral tributary to San Pedro River
RAINFALL12 in.
( 305 mm )
SURFACE DETENTION& INFILTRATION
10 in.( 254 mm )
EVAPORATION& TRANSPIRATION
10 in.( 254 mm )
ONSITE RUNOFF2 in.
( 51 mm )
CHANNEL LOSSES1 3/4 in. ( 45 mm )
SURFACE RUNOFF1/4 in. ( 6 mm )
EVAPORATION &TRANSPIRATION
FROM CHANNEL ANDVEGETATION ALONG STREAM
GROUND WATERRECHARGE
FROM CHANNEL
WATERSHED
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EROSION PROCESSESRHEM MODEL
Climatic data Soil texture Slope length Slope shape Slope % % bunchgrass, forb/annual, shrubs, sod grass canopy
cover % rock, basal plant, litter and cryptogam cover
Most of these factors are climatic and site related – only vegetation is manageable
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STREAM FLOW (WATER YIELD)
Subsurface = Springs Runoff = Flooding – dirt tanks, etc.
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FFOLLIOTT AND THORUD – 1975
Increase in Water YieldPrecipitation
Mixed conifer = 6 inches 24+ inches
Ponderosa Pine = 2 inches 20-24 inches
Chaparral = 4 inches 16-20 inches
Pinyon – Juniper = 0 inches 16-20 inches
Grassland = 0 inches 12-16 inches
Desert Shrub = 0 inches 8-12 inches
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MAIN POINTS
Infiltration – greater on sandy soils Depth of penetration – greater on sandy soils - gravel
increases Evaporation – less on sandy soils Deep percolation – greater on coarse soils – winter
precip Season of precipitation vs plant growth
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DOES BRUSH CONTROL REDUCE SEDIMENT/EROSION?
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MOST STUDIES SHOW THAT MESQUITE CONTROL REDUCES RUNOFF AND SOIL EROSION.
Mesquite reduces grass cover Increases patchiness of ground cover
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STUDIES IN CREOSOTEBUSH ARE LESS DEFINITIVE
How treated? Roughness factor. How much grass response? Soil depth, texture? Storm intensity?
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SO WHY DO BRUSH CONTROL?
Reduce erosion Reduce runoff intensity - flooding Increase species diversity Increase life form diversity Increase food for wildlife and livestock Improve biological production????