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Optimum range beef production is achieved only by matching the animal’s genetic
potential to the nutritional environment.
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OPTIMAL RANGE/ANIMAL UTILIZATION
• “The most critical decision we make is when to change pastures. Too early, we leave valuable forage; too late, we have a detrimental impact on both livestock and rangeland sustainability”.
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BOVINE BUFFET
• Healthy desert rangelands are diverse eco-systems
• Availability of potential diet species varies depending on time of year, elevation and effective precipitation
• Collectively provides a “nutritional buffet”
• Animals, like people have different selection preferences
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Sources of Rangeland Nutrients
• Grasses
• Forbs
• Browse
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GENERAL NUTRIENT CLASSIFICATION
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Fats and Oils
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Water
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Plant factors affecting animal intake:
AvailabilityPreference
QualityAnti grazing factors
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Animal factors affecting intake:breed
sexbody size
ruminal capacitybody conditiondigestibility
supplementationrate of intake grazing time
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WHERE DOES THE FEED
GO ?• Maintenance 70% to 80%• Lactation 6% to 8%• Gestation 18% to 20%
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CRITICAL NUTRIENT NEEDS;
Fertility and ReproductionGrowth
Lactation
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Compounding Nutritional Issues
• Toxicities
• Deficiencies
• Improper ratios (minerals)
• Synergistic and antagonistic interactions
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Range Supplementation
• Energy
• Protein
• Vitamins and Mineral
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Rifle vs Shotgun
• Rifle is appropriate for “stationary targets”
• Harvested feeds, composition not rapidly changing, design ration for specific performance
• Shotgun is appropriate for “flying targets”
• Rangeland feed composition may be constantly changing. Precipitation etc
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Specific Ammunition
• What mix of pellets “supplements” is best suited to meet the animal’s immediate needs?
• What delivery system works for you?
• Can’t measure it, can’t manage it
• Need to have current, accurate diet data
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Energy Supplementation
• Energy must be supplemented on a daily basis
• The amount fed determines whether supplementation or substitution occurs. If 10% or more of the diet is fed, then substitution occurs
• Supplementation will impact grazing activities
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Protein Supplementation
• May be supplemented as infrequently as once or twice per week
• Nitrogen (protein) is recycled in the form of urea
• Protein supplementation will improve the digestibility of low quality forage by as much as 10%
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Macro Mineral Nutrition in Grazing Ruminants
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Sodium
• Chloride
• Magnesium
• Potassium
• Sulfur
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Micro Minerals – Their role in the diet of grazing ruminants
• Copper• Zinc• Manganese• Cobalt• Iodine• Iron• Selenium• Fluorine• Molybdenum
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What biological type is best suited to Southwestern
rangelands?Low production No
High production Good YearsMed. production Most Years
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Limited forage availability is more detrimental to animals
with high rather than low genetic production potential
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Balancing the size of the herd to the nutritional carrying
capacity of the range
Stocking rate must be varied to match the nutrient yield of the
range
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RANGE LIVESTOCK NUTRITION A MOVING TARGET
UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONABEEF DAY
July 29, 2009
Dr. Bob Kattnig
Associate Livestock Specialist
Department of Animal Sciences
The University of Arizona
Thank You