RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION
1. Name of the candidate and address : Madhura M.G
I Year M.Sc. Nursing
Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector-II, HMT Post, Bangalore-13
2. Name of the Institution : Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector-II, HMT Post, Bangalore-13
3. Course of Study and Subject : I Year M.Sc. Nursing
Community Health Nursing
4. Date of Admission to Course : 19.11.2011
5. Title of the Topic : “A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Video
assisted teaching programme regarding H1N1
Infection among school teachers at selected
schools under Hessaraghatta PHC, Bangalore”
1
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK :
“INFECTIOUS DISEASE WILL LAST AS LONG AS HUMANITY ITSELF”
William H. McNeill in Plagues and Peoples, 1976
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning “INFLUENCE‘’ which refers
to the cause of the disease, change in medical led to its modification to Influenza meaning “Influence
of the cold”. Scientist by name J.Hugger in 1703 was the first person to use the word influenza in
English ,Influenza is truly an international disease.1 It occurs in all countries and affects millions of
people every year .Influenza commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA
viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals.2
Although it is often confused with other influenza-like illnesses, especially the common cold,
influenza is a more severe disease than the common cold and is caused by a different type of virus 3.
Influenza may produce nausea and vomiting, particularly in children, but these symptoms are more
common in the unrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimes, inaccurately, referred to as "stomach
flu4. Flu can occasionally cause either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.
Influenza viruses can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants and detergents. As the virus can be
inactivated by soap, frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection.
The spectrum of infectious disease is changing rapidly in conjunction with dramatic societal
and environmental changes5. World- wide, explosive population growth with expanding poverty and
urban migration is occurring; international travel and commerce are increasing; and technology is
rapidly changing - all of which affect the risk of exposure to infectious agents and the seasonal
incidence is striking, H1NI is an infection usually occurring in winter months in the Northern
Hemisphere and in the winter or rainy season in the southern Hemisphere, now the epidemics have
often occurred in summer6.
In the spring of 2009, a new flu virus spread quickly across the United States and the world. The
first U.S. case of H1N1 (swine flu) was diagnosed on April 15, 2009. By April 21, the Centres for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were working to develop a vaccine for this new virus. On
April 26, the U.S. government declared H1N1 a public health emergency7.
By June, 18,000 cases of H1N1 had been reported in the United States. A total of 74
countries were affected by the pandemic. H1N1 vaccine supply was limited in the beginning. People
at the highest risk of complications got the vaccine first8.
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By November 2009, 48 states had reported cases of H1N1, mostly in young people. That same
month, over 61 million vaccine doses were ready. Reports of flu activity began to decline in parts of
the country, which gave the medical community a chance to vaccinate more people. 80 million
people were vaccinated against H1N1, which minimized the impact of the illness9.
The CDC estimates that 43 million to 89 million people had H1N1 between April 2009 and April
2010. They estimate between 8,870 and 18,300 H1N1 related deaths10.
Around 123,397 people have been tested in India as on February 1, 2010. In India, 23.3%
people who have tested for Swine flu are found suffering from Swine flu.4% people who have tested
positive for Swine flu have died and could not be saved in India[13]. Maharashtra with 317 deaths has
seen maximum deaths from Swine flu in India. Gujarat has 242 deaths from Swine flu till February1,
2010. Other states are Rajasthan (176 deaths), Karnataka (141 deaths), Delhi (93 deaths) and has the
highest number of patients who are tested positive. Maharashtra has 5,116 cases affected, Rajasthan
has 2,101 patients who were tested positive till February 1, 201011.
As on April 28, Karnataka has recorded the second highest number of H1N1 influenza
positive cases since January 2012. However, the State Health Department officials and experts say
there is no need to panic. Between January and April 2012, Maharashtra has recorded the highest
number of cases at 463, followed by Karnataka which has recorded 173 positive cases of H1N1
influenza. Meanwhile, in terms of death toll too Maharashtra has recorded the highest number of
deaths with 20, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan at 12 each, and Karnataka standing third
with 9 deaths 12
The number of cases in Bangalore has been steadily rising with 22 cases. The total number of
positive cases crosses 3000 and now stands at 309513.
A new strain of swine flu, (H3N2) v, was detected in 2011 currently it has not affected any
large numbers of people in the 2011-2012 flu season. Researchers have begun development of a
specific vaccine for (H3N2) v as a precautionary measure in case this strain predominates in either
the end of the 2011-2012 flu season or increases in the 2012-2013 flu season14.
So in current years, there has been a huge increase in the amount of resistance to certain
drugs, including the antiviral compound adamantine. In fact, its resistance has recently climbed from
2% to nearly 90%, this indicates antiviral drugs will not be useful against influenza virus15.
NIAID researchers found that “ H1N1 influenza was transmitted to humans several months
before recognition of outbreak” A team of Hong Kong University conducted an evaluator analysis on
the currently circulating 2009 novel H1N1 influenza virus to determine its origin and early
developments. Researchers found that the virus was derived from several viruses circulating in
swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the 3
outbreak16.
Awareness drive for PU Students Director of Pre University Education Shankar Narayan
asked principals of all PU Colleges in the state to take steps to create awareness among the students
and parents about Swine Flu. They also organized a meeting of students and informed them about the
symptoms of the disease and take them to nearest hospital for investigations incase they suffer and
found positive for disease the heads should arrange for suitable treatment17.
The investigator had come across many patients infected with swine flu in clinical field
practices. Since the investigator had found less study have been done by nursing professionals on
swine flu, the topic was selected for the benefit of common man for the welfare of the society.
Over the last few years H1N1 has spread widely through the United States and the world which has
prompted school closures and cancellation of school-related events.
As the flu spreads, the Department of Education (ED) encourages school leaders, parents and
students to know how to take action to reduce the spread of the virus and report illness and helps the
teachers to play an important role in helping school-aged children understand how immunization can
help them stay healthy.
The investigator is interested to take up this study on swine flu to enhance the knowledge
regarding swine flu among the high school teachers. Teachers, like nurse in hospitals have along
contact with the students, siblings of the students, parents and the family members of the students.
They have opportunity to educate common people on swine flu. As teachers act as a tool in health
propaganda, in fact they are an asset to the government in providing mass education. Since, droplet
infections are most common in high school children, as it spreads from one person to another leading
to absenteeism in them. So the investigator wants to conduct this study in order to impart knowledge
to school children and to promote their health.
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6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature is the process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing
scholarly materials about a specific topic. The results of a literature review may be compiled in
a report or they may serve as part of a research article, thesis, or grant proposal18.This literature
review explores the three dominant themes of the research questions: symbolic representation of
concepts, impact on academic achievement, and student attitudes, behaviors, and interactions19.
In a cross-sectional study conducted in South Korea during the current influenza A(H1N1)
pandemic to determine the knowledge, attitude and preventive measures among 2,333 school
children and their 2,089 parents. It was found that in terms of knowledge, 97.9% of participants
reported they knew of Novel Influenza A, and 80.2% reported mass media such TV and radio to be
their primary source of knowledge. For attitude, 39.4% reported considering Novel Influenza A to be
a very serious social problem, and 9.6% of participants showed seriously concern about the
possibility of infection. As for preventive behavior, since the public announcement of the Novel
Influenza A pandemic, 82.5% of the participants had increased their frequency of hand washing.
90.4% reported that the pandemic has changed their life patterns these findings indicate that children
are well aware of H1N120. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bareilly UP among students of classes 9th to 12th,
among 400 students a total of 200 students were selected to find out the awareness, perception and
myth towards Swine flu. Chi square test was applied and found that 97.75% have heard and aware of
swine flu, 97% students mention use of mask as most effective way to prevent, knowledge of
available of medicine was present in less than half. 79% received knowledge from TV, 53.2% are
trying to get knowledge of Swine flu and 74% were taking precautions against Swine flu21.
A study conducted on hospital hygiene influenza says that influenza is a severe febrile disease
if airways that occur epidemically in winter months and caused a high number of infection and
deaths worldwide in 30 years. In order to prevent this situation called pandemic plan have been
developed worldwide. Beside vaccination, general hygienic precaution and antiviral therapies are the
most important measures in the management of influenza22.
A study conducted on the initial psychological response to H1N1 (“Swine Flue”): The
outbreak of the pandemic flu in 2009 provided a major challenge to health services around the world.
Previous pandemics have led to stockpiling of goods, the victimization of particular population group
and cancellation of travel and boycott of foods (ex: pork). Researches examined behavior and
attitudinal response towards influenza A H1N123.
A study conducted on Swine Flu (H1N1)-A Global Epidemic. Swine is a Swedish term means
pig. Swine Flu was first spotted in the year 1173 in pig, horses and also in birds like Swans and hens.
5
Antivirals like Oseltamivir or Zenamivir are used for treatment and prevention of virus. Avoid
touching your eyes, mouth and nose, clean hands thoroughly and regularly. Avoid contact with
people who are ill. Reduce spending time in crowded areas. Practice good healthy habits and
nutritious diet11.
A study conducted by national pandemic influenza preparedness planning .The recent
outbreaks of influenza A H5N1and swine influenza AH1N1 caused a global concern over potential
for a new influenza pandemic24.
A study conducted on college football teams using preventive defense on virus in New York-
helmet shoulder pads and hand sanitizers with outbreaks reported at university of Mississippi and
Wisconsin players are under orders to wash their hands and cover their mouths when they cough or
sneeze, lest these teams joined those who have been hit hard by the bug as couple of their room
mates got sick on campus they prepared themselves by bringing big bottle of disinfectant for
cleaning at home25.
A study was conducted on a simple method for molecular detection of swine origin and
human origin Influenza A virus. A real time one step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
SYBR green assay derived from the method reported by Van Elden and collaborators 2001 ensures
the rapid sensitive and cost effective detection of both seasonal influenza virus and emerging H1N1
swine origin A virus S-OIV25.
An experimental study was conducted on “Increased risk of infection with zoonotic
influenza virus among swine workers in the United States”. The sample consisted of 263 swine
workers and 69 controlled group in which 111 were formers, 97 were meat processing workers and
65 veterinarians, the study analyzed that the serum sample were tested using a heamagglutination
inhibition assay against the influenza A the findings revealed that all 3 exposed study groups
demonstrated markedly elevated titers against wine influenza then control group and study also
revealed that the formers had the highest changes for exposure to swine flue than mean processors
and veterinarians. The study concluded that occupational exposure to pigs greatly increases workers
risk of swine influenza virus infection10.
An comparative study was conducted on “sever respiratory disease concurrent with the
circulation of H1N1 influenza at National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD. USA”. The sample
consisted 2155 cases of severe pneumonia and 6662 cases of throat infection cases. The total
samples were 8817 patients, the nasopharyngeal specimens were checked 2582 cases were positive
for H1N1, they compared these cases according to age distribution about 71% of cases of severe
pneumonia involved patients between the age of 5 and 59 years. The study findings revealed that
during the early phase of this influenza pandemic, there was sudden increase in the rate of severe
pneumonia. If the vaccine supplies are limited, these findings suggest a rationale for focusing
6
prevention efforts on younger population16.
An experimental study was conducted on “chest radiographic and CT findings in novel Swine
origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in U.S.A.”. The sample consisted 66 patients who
underwent chest radiographs. Study divides these samples into two groups, group 1 of 14 patients
and group 2 consisted 52 patients, group 1 required ICU admission and advanced mechanical
ventilation and group 2 did not, findings reveals that the group 1 had abnormal initial radiographs
than group 2. Study concluded that the chest radiographs were normal in more than half of patients
with H1N1 and progress to bilateral extensive lung diseases13.
A Cross sectional study was conducted on “Initial psychological responses to Influenza A,
H1N1, at Brunel University, U.K”. The sample consisted 328 respondents the data collected by
Internet and paper based questionnaire studying Malaysia or Europe. The study analyzed that the
measures assessed changes in transport usage, purchase of preparatory goods for a pandemic,
indicators of anxiety estimated rates for seasonal flu, and effectiveness of seasonal flue vaccination.
The findings revealed that Initial responses to Influenza A show large regional differences in anxiety
and more likely to reduce travel and to by the masks and food. The study concluded that the
discussion with family and friends may reinforce existing anxiety leve13
An experimental study was conducted on “Development of a new disinfectant with very
strong anti influenza viral activity”. The study consisted ovo as samples. The study analyzed that
the acute toxicity of this disinfectant to two different cultured cell lines were investigated. The
findings revealed that the new disinfectant shown very strong anti influenza viral activity the ovo
test. The study had concluded that this new disinfectant is expected to be useful for preventing viral
infection during a new influenza pandemic14
A cross- sectional survey study conducted on Sydney residents to ascertain the beliefs, perceived
risks and initial attitudes of the Australian community towards the influenza at university of new
south Wales, Sydney. the sample consisted 620 respondents. the findings reveals that about 447 were
aware of pandemic H1N1,but 273 felt they did not have enough information about the situation. The
study suggested to emphasize the efficacy of recommended actions such as hand hygiene27.
The investigators at the university of Wisconsin-Madison found that infection with human H1N1
viruses that are antigenic ally related to viruses were circulating in 1918 confers neutralizing
antibody activity against the currently circulating 2009 novel H1N1. These findings suggests that
people alive during the 1918 influenza pandemic have the most protection against the current 2009
H1N1 influenza because of their prior exposure. Finally the team confirms the antiviral drugs like
Tami flu and Relenza are effective against the new H1N1 pandemic virus27.
7
6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
A Study to evaluate the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Programme regarding
H1N1 infection among school teachers at selected schools under Hessaraghatta PHC, Bangalore.
6.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. Assess the existing knowledge of school teachers regarding H1N1 infections
2. Evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program regarding H1N1 infections
3. Find out the association between knowledge of School teachers regarding H1N1 infections
with selected socio- demographic variables.
6.4.1 HYPOTHESES
H1 There will be significant difference in pre-test and post- test knowledge scores of school
teachers exposed to video assisted teaching programme on H1N1 infections.
H2 There will be significant association between pre test know scores of school teachers
regarding H1N1 with selected socio demo variables.
6.4.2 RESEARCH VARIABLES
Independent variable: In this study the Independent variable refers to video assisted teaching
programme on H1N1 infection.
Dependent variable: In this study the dependent variable is knowledge among school teachers
regarding H1N1 infection.
6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Evaluate : Refers to the positive changes that the video teaching programme will produce in the
knowledge level of school teachers regarding H1N1 and its ill effects on effects on health.
Effectiveness: Refers to determining the extent to which the video assisted teaching programme
has achieved the desired effect in improving the knowledge of school teachers on swine flu
prevention by comparing pre-test and post test scores.
Video Assisted Teaching programme : Refers to the systematically developed instructional
method and teaching aids designed for school teachers to provide information regarding swine
flu by using relevant teaching techniques and appropriate audio visual aids.
Knowledge : It refers to the information of the school teachers possess regarding H1N1 as
evidenced by the correct responses on the items in the questionnaire.
H1N1: H1N1 is otherwise called as Swine flu also known as flu pork is an infectious disease
caused by any virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae which is endemic in population of 8
pigs. These strains of virus are known as swine influenza virus.
School teachers: In this study it refers to teachers working at selected schools teaching 1st to 10th
standard under Hesarghatta Bangalore.
7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1 SOURCES OF DATA
The sources of data in this study are school teachers of selected schools under Hessarghatta
PHC, Bangalore.
7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONS
7.2.1 SAMPLING CRITERIA
1. INCLUSION CRITERIA
Teacher’s of primary and high school in selected schools at Bangalore.
Teachers willing to participate in the study.
Both male and female teachers.
Teachers who can read and write English or Kannada.
2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Teachers not willing to participate in the study.
Teachers not available during data collection.
7.2.2Research design and Evaluative approach
One Group Pre-test - post-test ,Quasi Experimental design.
7.2.3 SETTING OF THE STUDY:
Study will be conducted in selected schools under Hessarghatta PHC, Bangalore.
7.2.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
A convenience Sampling Technique will be used to select 70 school teachers of selected schools
at Bangalore.
7.2.5 SAMPLE SIZE
70 school teachers of selected schools Bangalore.
7.2.6 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Structured self administered questionnaire on H1N1.
The tool consists of two parts.
Part A: Socio demographic variables.
Part B: Questionnaire on H1N1
9
7.2.7 Collection of data The data will be collected by investigator himself/herself by using structured self administered
questionnaire among school teachers. Later, the teachers are educated with the help of Video
Assisted Teaching on H1N1 infection. After seven days, post test will be conducted by using same
structured questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Programme. The
data collection period will be four weeks.
7.2.8 Method of data analysis and presentationData analysis will be done through descriptive and inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics: The investigator will use descriptive statistical technique like mean,
median, mode, percentile and standard deviation for data analysis. The analysed data will be
presented in the form of tables, diagrams and graphs based on finding.
Inferential statistics: Test of significance such as t-test and chi square test will be used
depending on results obtained.
.
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients or
other humans or animals? If so, please describe briefly.
Yes, as the investigator is giving video assisted teaching programme on swine flu for teachers of
selected schools of Bangalore.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your Institution?
Yes, the ethical clearance has been obtained from our college that is Mallige Institute Of
Nursing, Bangalore .Consent will be obtained from particular colleges as well as subjects.
10
8.1 LIST OF REFERENCES:
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2. K.Park, Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 21st edition, MS Banarasidas Bhanot.
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3. Rao S.Papineni and Frank S. Rosenthal. The size distribution of droplets in the exhaled
breadth of healthy human subjects. Journal of Aerosol Medicine volume 10 No.2,1997.
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Families 2nd edition, 2007.
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containing indoor airborne infections. Indoor Air 2006 volume 16; pg no. 469.
7. Trisha Torrey, 2011-Overview and updates on seasonal and H1N1 swine flu. Updated on
February 22, 2011.
8. Amanda Cohn, Michael L Jackson, Infectious disease related to travel. Available at
wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2008/ch4/menin.htm.
9. Girish L Dandagi, Sujata M Byahatti. An insight into the Swine influenza A (H1N1) virus
infections in humans. Short Reviews 2011;volume 28(1) : 34-38.
10. Polit F.Dennis, Hungler BP. Nursing Research Principles and method.5th edition.
Philadelphia:J.P.Lippincott Company 2006:49.
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13. Fernandez Rodriguezs, Mendez NavasI, Esteban-Vasallo MD, Rodero Garduno MI, Lopaz
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June 2009, Revista Espanola de salud publica 2010 sep-oct; volume 84(5) : 609-621.
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9. Signature of the candidate :
10. Remarks of the guide : The research topic selected is appropriate as it helps
to enrich the knowledge of school teachers
regarding H1N1 infections and its prevention
11. Name and Designation of
11.1. Guide : Mrs. Suseela R
Assoc. Professor, Community Health Nursing
Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector II, HMT Post, Bangalore -13.
11.2 Signature :
11.3 Co-guide : Mrs. Mariam Jaisy G
Assoc.Professor,
Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector II, HMT Post, Bangalore -13.
11.4 Signature :
11.5 Head of the Department : Mrs. R.Suseela
Assoc. Professor, Community Health Nursing
Mallige Institute of Nursing
Sector II, HMT Post, Bangalore -13.
11.6 Signature :
12. Remarks of the Chairman/Principal : This study is appropriate as it enriches the knowledge
of school teachers regarding H1N1 infection. Since
children are prone for infections as a teacher she can
take remedial measures and educate the children.
12.1 Signature :
14