Download - Railway Substructure
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 1
UW – Madison Geological and
Geotechnical Engineering
Geological Engineering Transporta1on Geotechnics Civil & Environmental Engineering
Use of Free-Free Resonant Column Testing for Characterizing Infrastructure Materials
Andrew Keene, Zhipeng Su, Dante Fratta, and James Tinjum
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 2
Outline 1. Background
• Resilient modulus testing • Free-free resonant column testing
2. Materials 3. Methods
• Seismic modulus test development
4. Results • Fitting parameters • Summary seismic/resilient modulus • Curing detection
5. Conclusion
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 3
Background: Resilient Modulus
Resilient Modulus (Mr) Test
where εr is the recoverable elastic strain and σd is the deviator stress
L
σd ε r= δe/L Mr = σd / εr
δe
Section 10.3.3.9 NCHRP 1-28A (2004)
Example:
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 4
Background: Resilient Modulus
k1 and k2 = fitting parameters θ = bulk stress θ = σ1+2(σ3)=1 pr = reference stress
Power Function:
k2
k1
σ1
σ3 σ3
log (bulk stress)
log
(res
ilien
t mod
ulus
)
1
Summary Resilient Modulus, SMr
σ1
σ3 σ3
(Huang 2004; Moosazedh & Witczak 1981)
(σc=35 kPa)
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 5
Constrained Modulus
Background: Free-Free Resonant Column VP
Length, L Density, ρ
P- Wave Velocity
Accelerometer Impact Hammer
(Pucci 2010; Kalinski & Thummaluru 2005; Meng 2003)
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 6
Materials Natural Aggregate and Recycled Base Course
• Minnesota DOT Class 5 natural aggregate • Natural base course aggregates from Senegal Africa • Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) • Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) • Recycled Asphalt Shingles (RAS) with Bottom Ash (BA)
Railroad Substructure Materials • Ballast • Subballast
Stabilized Infrastructure Materials • Polyurethane-Stabilized Ballast (PSB) • Rigid-Polyurethane Foam (RPF) • Cement-Stabilized Silt
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 7
R² = 0.92
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 200 400 600 800
β-ex
pone
nt
α-coefficient (m/s)
VS,VP,σ3
σ3 σ3
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
0 50 100 150 200
Con
stra
ined
Mod
ulus
, M (k
Pa)
Confining Pressure (kPa)
Summary Seismic Modulus, SMS
Methods: Constrained (Seismic) Modulus
σ3 = σc
VP
Power Func(on:
Constrained Modulus
Vs
(Pucci 2010; Kalinski & Thummaluru 2005; Meng 2003)
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 8
k2 = -8·10-6 x k1 + 0.63 R² = 0.87
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
K2-
expo
nent
K1-coefficient
Class 5 TxRCA-1_Day TxRCA-7_Day Subballast CaRAP CaRCA BAS GNB GRB MiRCA NjRCA RAS-25%, BA-75% PSB-C3 PSB-C6
Results: Resilient Modulus Fitting Parameters
(Moosazedh & Witczak 1981)
• RCA = Recycled Concrete Aggregates
• RAP = Recycled Asphalt Pavement
• Tx = Texas
• Ca = California • Mi = Michigan • Nj = New Jersey • PSB = Polyurethane Stabilized-
Ballast
• RAS = Recycled Asphalt Singles • BA = Bottom Ash • BAS, GNB, GRB are unbound
base course materials from Senegal Africa
Fine-grained soils
Coarse-grained and stabilized soils
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 9
β = -0.0008·∙α + 0.47 R² = 0.86
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
β-ex
pone
nt
α-coefficient (m/s)
Class 5 TxRCA TxRCA-7_Day Subballast Clean Ballast BAS GNB GRB CaRCA NjRCA NjRCA-7_Day Ottawa Sand CaRAP RPF-2 RPF-3
Results: P-wave Velocity Fitting Parameters
VS
VP
(Pucci 2010; Kalinski & Thummaluru 2005; Meng 2003)
• RCA = Recycled Concrete Aggregates
• RAP = Recycled Asphalt Pavement
• Tx = Texas • Ca = California • Mi = Michigan
• Nj = New Jersey • PSB = Polyurethane
Stabilized-Ballast • RPF = Rigid-
Polyurethane Foam
• BAS, GNB, GRB are unbound base course materials from Senegal Africa
Fine-grained soils
Coarse-grained and stabilized Soils
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 10
Results: Material Comparison
R² = 0.90
R² = 1.00
R² = 0.86
R² = 0.99
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Res
ilien
t Mod
ulus
, MR (M
Pa)
Con
stra
ined
Mod
ulus
, M (M
Pa)
Confining Pressure σ3 (kPa)
σ3 = 35 kPa
TxRCA – M
Class 5 – M
Class 5– MR
TxRCA – MR
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 11
R² = 0.95
R² = 0.99
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
Res
ilien
t Mod
ulus
(MPa
)
Confining Pressure σ3 (kPa)
TxRCA
Class 5
Results: Modulus Comparisons
10 kPa
130 kPa
σ3
More Stiff Less Stiff
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 12
Results: Modulus Comparison
SMR = 0.39 ·∙ SMS R² = 0.85
0
100
200
300
400
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Res
ilien
t Mod
ulus
, SM
R (M
Pa)
Constrained Modulus, SMS (MPa)
σ3 = representative confining pressure at 35 kPa
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 13
Results: TxRCA – Curing
M = 179· σ30.55
R² = 0.89
M = 41·∙ σ30.83
R² = 0.99
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Con
stra
ined
Mod
ulus
, M (k
Pa)
Confining Pressure, σ3 (kPa)
TxRCA 7Day
TxRCA 1Day
σ3 = confining pressure (kPa); M = constrained modulus (kPa)
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 14
Results: Silt Cement – Curing fn = 1408· σ3
0.051 R² = 0.88
fn = 1076· σ30.048
R² = 0.93
fn = 463· σ30.21
R² = 0.99
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Nat
ural
Fre
qenc
y, f n
(Hz)
Confining Pressure (kPa)
28 Day 7 DAy 1 Day
σ3 = confining pressure; fn = natural frequency (Hz)
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 15
Conclusions
Effects of Confining Pressure • Mr vs. σconf
• M vs. σconf
Mr and VP Fitting Parameters Mr vs. M
SMr vs. SMS
Curing • M vs. σconf RCA re-cementation effects • Natural frequency vs. σconf cement soil
Mid-‐Con(nent Research Forum 2012 September 6 Keene, Su, Fra+a, & Tinjum University of Wisconsin-‐Madison Slide 16
Questions? Acknowledgements
Center for Freight Infrastructure Research and Education (CFIRE)
Minnesota Department of Transportation
Recycled Materials Resource Center (RMRC)
Uretek USA Inc.
Professors: • Tuncer Edil
• Craig Benson
References
Huang, Y.H. (2004). Pavement Analysis and Design – Second Addition. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Kalinski, M.E. & Thummaluru, M.S.R. (2005). “A New Free-Free Resonant Column Device for Measurement of Gmax and Dmin at Higher Confining Stresses.” ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2.
Menq, F. Y. (2003). “Dynamic Properties of Sandy and Gravelly Soils.” PhD thesis, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 2010.
Moosazedh, J. & Witczak, M. (1981). “Prediction of Subgrade Moduli for Soil that Exhibits Nonlinear Behavior.” Journal of Transportation Research Board, No.810, Washington, D.C., pp. 10-17.
National Cooperative Highway Research Program, NCHRP. (2004). Laboratory Determination of Resilient Modulus for Flexible Pavement Design. Research Results Digest, Transportation Research Board.
Pucci, M. J. (2010). “Development of a Multi-Measurement Confined Free-Free Resonant Column Device and Initial Studies.” MS thesis, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 2010.