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Radiation Safety Principles
O k Rid A i t dOak Ridge Associated Universities
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ObjectivesReview the basic principles of radiation safety.
Discuss the application of these principles
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Discuss the application of these principles to various situations.
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IntroductionThe principles of radiation safety are simple and easy to learn and remember.
However, it is fundamental that the
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However, it is fundamental that the application of these principles be based on some knowledge or estimate of the radiological conditions.
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IntroductionMany people have learned radiation safety as:
Time (minimize).
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( )Distance (maximize).Shielding (utilize).
These principles work for many circumstances, but other principles should be considered.
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IntroductionOne of the best summaries of radiation safety principles are the “Ten Principles and Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection” by Daniel Strom.
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This presentation is based on Strom’s principles and commandments.
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Goals of Radiation SafetyKeep it safe
Prevent deterministic effectsLimit probability of stochastic effects
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Keep it legal
Keep it affordableBe able to prove it
Help people feel safe
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#1. TimeMinimizing the amount of time in a radiation field reduces the dose.
Hurry, but don’t be hasty.
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Time Reduction MethodsPlan and discuss the task prior to entering the area.
Use only the number of workers actually
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Use only the number of workers actually required to do the job.
Have all necessary tools present before entering the area.
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Time Reduction MethodsUse mock-ups and practice runs that duplicate work conditions.
Take the most direct route to the job site,
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Take the most direct route to the job site, if possible and practical.
Never loiter in an area controlled for radiological purposes.
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Time Reduction MethodsWork efficiently and swiftly.
Perform as much work outside the area as possible or, when practical, remove parts or components to areas with lower dose rates to
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components to areas with lower dose rates to perform work.
In some cases, the radiological control personnel may limit the amount of time a worker may stay in an area due to various reasons (stay time).
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Time Reduction Methods
If you have been assigned a stay time, do not exceed this time.
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Do it right the first time, in the least amount of time necessary.
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#2. DistanceThe distance principle has a purely geometric component.
For physically small
Stay away from it.
Stay upwind.
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For physically small (point) sources, the dose rate is inversely proportional to the square of the distance away.
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Inverse Square Law
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Inverse Square Law
222
211 dIdI =
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If the dose rate is 100 mrem/hr at 1 m from a point source, what is the dose rate at 2 m?
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Using the Inverse Square Law
dII
dIdI211
222
211
=
=
15hrmrem
hrmrem
Im
mI
dI
25)2(
)1)(100(
2
2
2
2
22
2
=
=
=
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Maximizing Distance Methods
Stay as far away as possible from the source of radiation.Be familiar with radiological conditions in the area
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in the area.During work delays, move to lower dose rate areas or exit the area completely during long delays.Use remote handling devices when possible.At a minimum, use arm's length.
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Maximizing Distance Methods
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#3. Source BarrierFor radiation sources such as x-ray machines and photon-emitting radionuclides, a
Keep it in.
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,barrier that attenuates the radiation is called a shield.
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Typical Photon ShieldsLead
Concrete
Depleted uranium
Leaded glass
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Iron
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Neutron ShieldsFast Neutrons:
Polyethylene
Paraffin
Slow Neutrons:
Boron
Cadmium
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Paraffin
Water
Other proton rich materials
Indium
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Beta Shields
LucitePlasticsLow atomic number material
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Shields are generally not required for alpha-emitting radionuclides.
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Source Barrier MethodsContainment of radioactive material by:
Bagging contaminated items.Covering clean surfaces.Covering contaminated surfaces.
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Minimizing releases of radioactive material to the environment by:
Encapsulation of sources.Containments.Filtration.
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#4. Personal BarrierThis principle involves isolating the person from the radiation or radioactive material.
Keep it out.
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Protective clothingLead aprons and glovesRespirators
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#4. Personal Barrier
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#5. DispersalDispersal is the way humans have historically managed many waste problems.
Disperse it and dilute it.
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Be cautious in applying this principle….check with regulatory authorities.
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#6. Source ReductionSimply using the smallest amount of radioactive material possible for a given purpose will reduce
Use as little as possible
Clean it up
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p pdose.
Managing decay is another example of source reduction.
Clean it up
Keep it clean
Delay for decay
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#6. Source Reduction
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#7. DecorporationDecorporation is the removal of radioactive material from the interior or surface of the body, or the
Get it out or off of you.
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y,blocking of uptakes from systemic circulation by specific tissues or organs.
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Decorporation Methods
WashingDebridement (cleaning a wound)Chelating agentsForcing fluids for tritium intakes
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Forcing fluids for tritium intakesBlocking tissue uptake (KI for iodine intakes)Surgery
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#8. Effect MitigationAn antidote for radiation exposure is not known to exist, and is unlikely to be found given the current state of understanding (Strom pg.392).
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Some possible effect mitigators are free-radical scavengers and agents that reduce oxidative damage.
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Mitigation MethodsAvoidance of acute effects may be obtained by spreading the dose out over timeto allow for repair.
Limit the damage.
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p
Spreading dose out over a group of people instead of a few may also mitigate effects to individuals.
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#9. Optimal TechnologyUsing or modifying a radiation technology to produce a lower dose.
Choose the best technology.
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Optimizing an existing technology.
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#10. Limitation of Other ExposuresThis principle involves limiting exposures to other agents that may work in concert with ionizing radiation.
Don’t compound risks.
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Examples of these would be agents that could cause tumor:
Initiation.Promotion.Progression.
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Summary of Principles and Commandments
Principle Commandment
Time Hurry, but don’t be hasty
Distance Stay away/upwind
Source Barrier Keep it in
P l B i K i
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Personal Barrier Keep it out
Source Reduction Use as little as possible
Dispersal Disperse and dilute
Decorporation Get it out/off
Effect Mitigation Limit damage
Optimal Technology Choose best technology
Limit Other Exposures Don’t compound risks
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ReferencesStrom, Daniel J. “Ten Principles and Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection,” Health Physics 70(3):388-393, 1996.
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