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Radar Mapping
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Electromagnetic EM Radiation
• Electric Field & Magnetic Field– Perpendicular to
direction of propagation
• Explains light but is absolutely fundamental for radio spectrum
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Typical Radar System1. A pulse generator that discharges timed
pulses of microwave/radio energy
2. A transmitter
3. A duplexer that alternates the signals involved between transmitted and received
4. A directional antenna that shapes and focuses each pulse into a stream
5. Receiving Antenna
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Radar Bands
1. Ka Band: Frequency 40,000-26,000 MHz; Wavelength (0.8-1.1 cm)
2. K Band: 26,500-18,500 MHz; (1.1-1.7 cm) = Weather Radar
3. X Band: 12,500-8,000 MHz; (2.4-3.8 cm)4. C Band: 8,000-4,000 MHz; (3.8-7.5 cm)5. L Band: 2,000-1,000 MHz; (15.0-30.0 cm)6. P Band: 1,000- 300 MHz; (30.0-100.0 cm)These are all in the Microwave part of the
spectrum
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About Radar• RADAR = RAdio Detection And Ranging• Typically radar transmitters send and
receive 1500 pulses per second• Pulses last about .1 microsecond• Pulses send 100-1000 waves• What a radar actually measures is time
(between transmission and reception)• What a radar actually receives when it’s
pointed in a certain direction isn’t always in that direction
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Some Radar Effects
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Some Radar Effects• Bright = rough, Dark = smooth
• Metal reflects brightly
• Metal corners or edges reflect especially brightly– A truck has same size radar signature as a
bomber– Stealth = eliminate sharp edges and
conductive materials
• Look direction = Illumination on Image
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What Determines Radar Echo
• Electrical properties of material (Dielectric Constant)– Conductive = High Dielectric Constant =
Reflective– Non-conductive = Low Dielectric Constant =
Non-Reflective
• Roughness– Can’t “see” things smaller than wavelength– Corners are effective for scattering
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Some Dielectric Constants
• Air: 1
• Teflon: 2
• Glass: 5-10
• Water: 80
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Radar Image of ISS
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Radar and Optical
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Stereoscopic SLAR
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Radar Stereoscopy
• Although radar images can be viewed to give a 3-dimensional appearance, true photogrammetry is far more complex than with optical imaging.
• It can be done, although when NASA began radar mapping of Venus they didn’t yet have the ability.
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Light and Radar
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Light and Radar
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Light Vs. Radar
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How Time = Illusion
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Radar Foreshortening• With optical foreshortening, the facing side
of a mountain looks normal and the back side looks compressed
• With radar foreshortening, the facing side of a mountain looks normal and the back side looks longer
• Layover: On steep slopes objects may appear to overlap because they’re the same distance (time) away.
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Light vs. Radar
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Light vs. Radar
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Layover
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Radar Foreshortening
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Layover and Foreshortening
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Underwater Radar?
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Sonar View
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How Time = Illusion
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Sonar Views of Shipwrecks
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German Bomber
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Polarization
• Radar signals are polarized parallel to their transmitting antenna
• H (horizontal) polarization = parallel to bottom of plane
• When signals scatter, some of the polarization is lost
• What we see depends on the orientation of the receiving antenna
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Polarization
• Imagine a signal from a perfectly horizontal antenna
• It bounces off a perfectly flat surface perpendicular to the beam
• A receiver parallel to the transmitting antenna will get 100% return
• A receiver perpendicular to the transmitting antenna will get 0% return
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HV vs. HH
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Multiband Color Composite
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Alaska Coast
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Reflectivity and
Penetration, Florida
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Reflectivity, Southern California
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IR + Radar
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Radar Penetration of Sand, Sudan
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Optical and Radar Imagery
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TOPEX/Poseidon
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The Sea Is Not Flat
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Pacific Ocean Sea Surface
Changes
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Sea Surface Radar Mapping
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2004 Tsunami
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Global Wind
Speed and Wave
Heights
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Radar Image of Hawaii
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Lidar
• LIght Detection And Ranging
• Uses laser pulses to measure distance
• Anything that affects light affects Lidar– Blocked by clouds, smoke, aerosols– Can monitor clouds, smoke, aerosols
• Records distance and direction
• Depending on processing, can image vegetation canopy or ground
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Lidar
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Mount St.
Helens
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Neolithic Mound, Slovakia
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Hopewell Mounds, Ohio
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Hopewell Mounds Ground View
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Caracol, Belize
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Caracol, Belize
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Caracol, Belize
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Caracol, Belize, Point Cloud
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Bainbridge Island, WA
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Tacoma Fault and Glacial Troughs