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What’s in a name? A worm by any other name must surely be as tasty!
Inconsistent use of common and species names of
bait polychaete worms can affect management
C.A. Simon, A.N. du Toit, H. van Rensburg, C. Naidoo, C.A. Matthee
Stellenbosch University
FBIP Forum, Cape St. Francis, 2018
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Species Common name
All species of the genus
Arenicola
Bloodworm
All marine species of the
phyla Platyhelminthes,
Nemertea, Sipunculida and
Annelida, but excluding the
genera Nereis, Pseudonereis
and Gunnarea
Any seaworm, including
polychaete, wonder shingle,
moonshine, coral, pot,
pudding, rock, tape &
flatworms, but excluding
mussel worms and Cape reef-
worms
Polychaetes used as bait, according to Dept.
of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
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Which polychaete species are used: field guides
Common name Species name according to
DAFF
Species name according to field
guides
Bloodworm# Arenicola loveni Arenicola loveni+*$
Cape reef-worm Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) $
Case worm X Diopatra cuprea+
Coral worm Gunnarea gaimardi (capensis) Eunice aphroditois*
Errant worm Eunice aphroditois X
Estuarine wonderworm X Marphysa elityeni$
Moonlight#/moonshine
worm Arabella iricolor X
Mussel worm# Pseudonereis podocirra (variegata) Pseudonereis podocirra
(variegata)+*$
Pot, pudding, shingle
worm Nephtys, Lumbrineris spp X
Rock worm Pseudonereis podocirra (variegata) X
Wonderworm# Marphysa elityeni Eunice aphroditois$
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14 5
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Names of bait polychaetes according to literature P. vulgaris
P. podocirra
Marphysa sp.
M. elityeni
Eunice aphroditois
Diopatra cuprea
Diopatra sp.
D. neapolitana
G. gaimardi
A. loveni
Nereididae
Eunicidae
Sabellaridae
Arenicolidae
Onuphidae
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Aim: Determine which polychaete species are utilised as bait, and the common names
by which collectors know them
Objectives:
• Identify bait polychaetes collected by bait collectors
• Develop consensus of names according to general
usage
• Generate barcodes for species collected
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Bait collections • 22 bait collectors
Veldrift, Saldanha Bay, Melkbosstrand, Kommetjie, Muizenburg, Strand, Betty’s Bay, Hermanus, Pearly Beach, Struisbaai, Witsand, Knysna, Port Elizabeth
Identified to common name
• In lab Photographed and identified to species name using Day (1967)
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1
1
11
5
1
3
1
4
1 1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f u
se
Names according to Bait collectors S. dayi
P. namibia
P. podocirra
L. tetraura
M. elityeni
M. corallina
L. natalensis
H. quinquedens
Diopatra sp.
G. gaimardi
A. loveni
A. gilchristi
Nereididae
Eunicidae
Sabellaridae
Arenicolidae
Onuphidae
Lumbrineridae
Sipunculidae
11
12
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Online Survey
• Photographs of worms included in survey
Of worms collected by bait collectors
Of worms identified by DAFF (supplied by Charles Griffiths and George Branch)
• 82 responses
2 KZN
4 Gauteng
13 Eastern Cape
64 Western Cape
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8
5
11
2
3
10
1
2
10
2
11
1
3
1
2
1
5
1
2
3
7
1
1
1
10
1
1
11
1
1
11
1
1
11 2
2
9
1 1
1
10
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f u
se
Eastern Cape
Perinereis
Pseudonereis
Nephtys
Arabella
Lumbrineris
Lysidice
Marphysa
Eunice
Heptaceros
Diopatra
Gunnarea
Arenicola
Abarenicola
24
40
61
3
9
1
1 1
51
9
54
19
1
1
1
42
2
16
5
1
15
24
1
1
3 1
21
36
2
1
2
5
54
1
5
1
1
2
53
1
2
1
1
1
58
2
2
1
8
2
1
2
1
45 4
4
11 4
40
2
1
4
1
2
54
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Fre
qu
en
cy o
f u
se
Western Cape
Perinereis
Pseudonereis
Nephtys
Arabella
Lumbrineris
Lysidice
Marphysa
Eunice
Heptaceros
Diopatra
Gunnarea
Arenicola
Abarenicola
Identifications according to online survey
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Recommendations: Permitted worms Snake, Pudding, Pot worm =
Lumbrineridae, Arabellidae
Wonderworm, Shingle = Eunicidae
Moonshine worm = Onuphidae
Bloodworm =
Arenicolidae
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Recommendations: Prohibited worms
• Prohibited species should be specified by name and habitat
Mussel worm, rock worms =
Nereididae living within mussel beds
Coral worm = Sabellaridae
forming extensive biogenic
reefs
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• COI marker amplified and sequenced for all worms collected
• Results of 5 species raised warning flags
Diopatra sp
Lysidice natalensis
Lumbrineris tatraura
Marphysa
Gunnarea gaimardi
DNA Barcoding/sequencing
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COI
Diopatra species Hendré van Rensburg
Mediterranean
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Marphysa spp
• Two species collected as wonderworm M. elityeni
M. corallina
Originally described from Hawaii – alien or undescribed indigenous species?
COI
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Gunnarea gaimardi
• Two distinct lineages Two species?
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Lumbrineris tetraura Lysidice natalensis
• Species from SA ≠ species from India
• Scenario 1 Species from SA ≠ species from China
2 species in SA
• Scenario 2 1 widespread species that includes 4 others
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Conclusions
• Inconsistent use of common and species names creates loopholes and confusion
Develop identification guide, using easy to see characteristics, to be distributed with bait collecting permits
• Further studies with additional markers needed to resolve taxonomy of Marphysa corallina, Lumbrineris tetraura & Gunnarea gaimardi
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Thank You
• Organisers of FBIP Forum
• Bait collectors
• Research partners
• Funders
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Thank you: Students