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Questionnaires
How to gain relevant/useful information using the self report technique
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Two types of Self-Report
Questionnaires – written form of self-report
Interviews – oral type of self report
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Questionnaire
A list of standardised sets of questions is given to each respondent; they give their answers in writing
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Constructing a Questionnaire
1. Decide whether you want qualitative or quantitative data.
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Type of Data
Qualitative data - openRich in detail or description, usually in
textual or narrative formQuantitative data - closed
Numerical data, measurements of quantity or amount
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Type of Questionnaire Data:
Qualitative Rich in detail Allows for in-depth
analysis BUT Difficult to analyse Difficult to compare
people or groups
Quantitative Easier to analyse
(e.g. statistically) Easier to compare
people or groups BUT Not detailed and
potentially superficial
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Types of Question
Open questionsAllow respondents to answer however they
wantGenerate qualitative data
Closed questionsRestrict respondent to a predetermined set
of responsesGenerate quantitative data
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Types of Closed Question
Straightforward response Are you female or male? M FWhat is your age in years? ____ yearsDo you smoke? Yes No
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Types of Closed Question
ChecklistWhat is the highest academic qualification
you hold?G.C.S.E.sA LevelsBatchelor DegreePost-graduate Degree
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Types of Closed Question
Numerical (Likert) response scale Psychology is the most interesting A-Level
subject
1 2 3 4 5Strongly
agreeAgree Not sure Disagree
Strongly Disagree
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Types of Closed Question
Ranking scaleRank the following activities according to
how much time you spend on them each day (1 = most time, 4 = least time)
Talking face to faceTalking on the telephoneText messagingOther (e.g. MSN, Facebook chat)
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Open questions
1. Describe you last experience of parachuting.
2. Please describe a person who you consider to be a positive role model.
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What to consider when writing your questions
Good questions will only come out of a project that has well-defined aims
When the goals of a study can be expressed in a few clear and concise sentences, the design of the questionnaire becomes considerably easier.
The questionnaire is developed to directly address the goals of the study.
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Consider
long questionnaires get less response than short questionnaires.
Keep your questionnaire short. In fact, the shorter the better.
Response rate is the single most important indicator of how much confidence you can place in the results.
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Consider"How am I going to use this information?"
If the information will be used in a decision-making process, then keep the question... it's important. If not, throw it out.
Know how every question will be analyzed and be prepared to handle missing data. If you cannot specify how you intend to analyze a question or use the information, do not use it in the survey.
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Consider
A questionnaire with a title is generally perceived to be more credible than one without.
Include clear and concise instructions on how to complete the questionnaire. These must be very easy to understand, so use short sentences and basic vocabulary.
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Consider
People generally look at the first few questions before deciding whether or not to complete the questionnaire. Make them want to continue by putting interesting questions first.
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Consider
Use simple and direct language. The questions must be clearly understood by the respondent.
Do not use uncommon words or long sentences.
Make items as brief as possible. This will reduce misunderstandings
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Consider
Hold the respondent's interest. We want the respondent to complete our
questionnaire. One way to keep a questionnaire interesting is to provide variety in the type of items used.
Varying the questioning format will also prevent respondents from falling into "response sets". At the same time, it is important to group items into coherent categories. All items should flow smoothly from one to the next.
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Pilot and Modify
Test Questionnaire with a group of
PPs
Obtain feedback from them
Identify issues with the q’aire
Alter the problem q’aire items
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Questionnaire Design
Keep it simple & ensure clarity (start with easy) Keep it as short as possible Keep it relevant to purpose Collect personal information last Ask for one piece of information at a time Allow for ‘don’t know’ where appropriate Be sensitive Use filler questions – reduces demand
characteristics
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Interviews
StructuredSemi StructuredUnstructured
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Ways of Administering:
Face to face in a private/public place.
En masse to a group in a public setting.
Through the post.
Via the internet.
Over the telephone.