UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
SEMINAR I
QUARANTINE PROTOCOLS FOR EXPORT OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES
WELCOME
Department of Agricultural Engineering, GKVK, Bangalore
Speaker:Nanje Gowda.N.ASr.M.Tech (PAK-9303)
Seminar teacher:Dr.B.Ranganna
IndexINTRODUCTIONImportance of QuarantineInternational Trade & PolicyINTERNATIONAL QUARANTINE STANDARDSDifferent Quarantine TreatmentsCONCLUSION
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
History“Quarantine “ is derived from the Italian word Quarantum,
which means forty days period In 1374 when plague swept through Europe, the
government of Venice instituted 30 days isolation for ships and people prior to entering the city of Dubrovnik
Newcomers had to spend 30 days in a restricted location to check the symptoms of disease and later isolation was prolonged to 40 days and was called “quarantine”
Quarantine
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
1st quarantine work started in 1879 in Fiji & in 1900’s The Agricultural Quarantine started again in Fiji
Quarantine is a strategy of control and prevent the entry & spread of pests and diseases. It covers all regulatory actions taken to exclude animal or plant pests & pathogens entering from a site, area, country or group of countries
Isolation means separation of products which are infected or contaminated from others, so that such infection or contamination do not spread further
Quarantine Protocols
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Importance of quarantine in export promotion
To prevent the introduction and spread of exotic pests that are destructive to crops by regulating/restricting the import of plants/plant products
To facilitate safe global trade in agriculture by assisting the producers and exporters by providing a technically competent and reliable phytosanitary certificate system to meet the requirements of trading partners
To inspect goods coming from other country & to check for exotic pests, diseases and weeds
Quarantine Protocols
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Contd… Inspection of imported agricultural commodities for preventing
entry of exotic pests and diseases Inspection of agricultural commodities meant for export as per
the requirements of importing countries under International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
Detection of exotic pests and diseases already introduced for controlling/containing them by adopting domestic quarantine regulations
Undertaking Post Entry Quarantine Inspection in respect of identified planting materials
Conducting the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) to finalise phytosanitary requirements for import of plant/plant material
Quarantine Protocols
International Standards, Trade & Policy
International standardsWorld Trade organisation(WTO)MRL’s Established by CODEXSanitary and Phytosanitary measures(SPS)Phytosanitary certification(PC)Pest risk analysis(PRA)North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
National standardsPost entry quarantine(PEQ)
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Located in Geneva, SwitzerlandCame into existence on 1stJanuary, 1995 replacing GATT 1948 (General Agreement on Trade & Tariffs)Currently WTO has 153 countries (on 23 July 2008)The WTO reiterates the objectives of GATT
1. To set and enforce rules for international trade2. To provide a forum for negotiating and monitoring further
trade liberalization
International Standards, Trade & Policy
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
3. To increase the transparency of decision-making processes
4. To resolve trade disputes5. To cooperate with other major international
economic institutions involved in global economic management
6. To help developing countries benefit fully from the global trading system
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Pesticides MRL (ppm)
Products Pesticides MRL (ppm)
Products
Acephate 1.00 F/V Carbaryl 1.001.50
F/VFood grains
& milled grains
Endosulfan (α&β)
1.000.20
F/VFood
grains
Triclofan 0.100.05
Fruits, oilseed milk
Methyl Bromide
20.075.0200
FruitsTomatoRadish
Monocrotophos
0.0250.20
Food grains,Citrus fruits& other veg
Dimethoate /rogar
1.00 F/V Phorate 0.100.05
TomatoF/V &
oilseedsMalathion 3.00
4.00Veg
Fruits & F.grains
Profenofos 0.05 Veg
MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Chemicals MRL
mg/kgProducts Antibiotics MRL
PpmProducts
Pyrethrins 1.00 F/V Oxytetra cycline
0.10 Milk
Melathin 3.00 4.00
VegFruits
Tetra cycline 0.10 Milk
DDT 3.500.001
F/VCarbonate
d water
Ampicillin
Cephalaxin
0.40
0.10
Milk
Milk Hydrogen Phosphide
0.01 Dried F & V Oxolinic acid 0.00 Milk
Ethephon 2.00MangoTomatoP.Apple
Benzyl Penicillin
4.00 Milk
Hydrogen cyanide
37.53.00
Food grain Milled grain
Oxacilin β-lactum
3.00 Milk
MRLs established by Codex Elimentarius mg/kg or ppm
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
SPS Measures-1995Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary measures are various regulations imposed by government or applied by industries to ensure
Food safety of both raw and processed Protect plant and animal health
These measures may include prescribed product standards, labelling and packaging requirements, quarantine treatment, processing and production standards, and testing, inspection, certification and approval procedures
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
ObjectivePresents future requirements for post entry quarantine (PEQ) and testing for the quarantine pathogens associatedTo promote a rationalized, modern and harmonized quarantine or SPS system with the dual functions of border protection and trade/export facilitation
SPS measures are applied in Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, China & Australia for import of..
Fruits•Palm fruits•Mango•Apple
Spices•Black pepper
Vegetables•Onion•Tomato•Cabbage•Potato•Carrot•Broccoli
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Phytosanitary certificate These are documents issued by an official of an exporting
country, or country of re-export, attesting to the freedom from pests and admissibility into the destination country for specific plants or plant productsPhytosanitary certificate performs the following tasks at the port of entryIdentify type of plants or plant productsIdentify area where plants or plant products were grownDetermine if the plants or plant products were treated in country of origin and if so, identify the treatmentDetermine if quarantine requirements are metConfirm that plant products meet specific certification requirements
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Pest Risk AnalysisPRA is a process of investigation, evaluation of information
and decision making with respect to a certain pest, that starts once it is known or determined that this pest is a quarantine pest
Purpose of Pest Risk Analysis1. To estimate the likelihood of entry, establishment, spread of pest
and its impact 2. To protect the country’s agriculture from damages that could be
caused by harmful (quarantine) pests which can be brought in along with imported commodities
3. To justify Phytosanitary measures on traded plant products
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
Components of PRA
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
North American Plant Protection OrganizationNAPPO is the phytosanitary standard setting organization recognized by NAFTA & created under the authority of the IPPC of the FAO of the United NationsNAPPO countries formalized this relationship in a cooperative agreement between Canada, United States and Mexico in 1976Steps for Certifying a Commodity
1. Determine certification eligibility2. Determine country’s import requirements3. Inspect the commodity4. Completion of export certificate5. Collect user fee
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)
It is the phytosanitary standard setting organization named in WTO-SPS Agreements & Implemented by the FAO in 1952
PurposeTo prevent the introduction and spread of pests(article-1 of IPPC)To provide an appropriate measures to control the introduced pests
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
IPPC Standards1. ISPM 1: Principles of Plant
Quarantine as related to International Trade
2. ISPM 2: Guidelines for PRA3. ISPM 7: Export Certification
System4. ISPM 11: PRA For Quarantine
Pests5. ISPM 12: Guidelines for
Phytosanitary certificates
Key Obligations
1. To setup & administer a National Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)
2. Official IPPC contact points3. Conduct treatments & certify
exports4. Regulate import5. Cooperate internationally
• Share information on pests & regulation
6. Develop & take into account Phytosanitary standards
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Post Entry Quarantine"Post-entry Quarantine" means growing of plants in isolation
for any specified period in a glass-house and a facility, area of nursery, approved by the Plant Protection Adviser
Purpose1. To facilitate adoption of standard operating procedures by all the
inspection authorities notified by the Ministry of Agriculture2. To prevent the introduction and spread of destructive pests that affects
plants and other plant material 3. Examine the container and the seeds for pesticide residue
The Standard operating procedure for export inspection under PEQ can seen below…
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Fruits/veg Insect/pest/bacteria
Fruits/veg Insects/pest/bacteria
Citrus Citrus blackflyCitrus whitefly Citrus cankerCitrus scab
Citrus greening
Apple Apple maggotOlive fruit flyCodling moth
Oriental fruit moth
Banana Banana weevil , Borer ,
Banana aphid , Panama disease
Cherry, Blue berry
Olive fruit flyCherry fruit flyCodling moth
Western cherry fruit fly
Potato Late blight, Potato ring rot, Wart, Nematode ,Colorado,
Potato beetle
Mango West Indian fruit flyMealy bug
Mango seed weevil
Grapes Powdery mildew Papaya Fruit fly
List of Quarantine Insects & Pests
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Chemical Treatments FumigationMethyl Bromide Fumigation + Refrigeration of FruitsCold Treatment + Fumigation of FruitsControlled Atmosphere High-Temperature Treatments (CATTS)
Physical TreatmentsWater TreatmentHigh Temperature Forced AirVapour HeatCold TreatmentIrradiationRadio frequency heatingQuick FreezeRe-export
Different Quarantine Treatments
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Fumigation is the act of releasing/application of toxic chemicals in a gaseous state in a gas tight enclosure to kill insect and other pestsUsed to prevent transfer of exotic pest & insects during processing of goods to be imported or exportedChemicals are applied as aerosols, smoke, mist, and fog
ExamplesMethyl bromide -most widely used fumigants although its use
was restricted by the Montreal Protocol due to its role in ozone depletion
PhosphineFormaldehydeHydrogen cyanide1,3-dichloropropeneMethyl isocyanate
Different Quarantine TreatmentsFumigation
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
MB is most effective in treating some of pests & insects like mites & ticks, nematodes, snails & slugs, fungi
Over 95% of consumption of methyl bromide for treatment of commodities likeExport logs and sawn timberWooden packaging materials, dunnage and palletsExport of fruit and vegetablesSome export grains, pulses and oilseeds, and derived productsDried food stuffs Fruits treated with
methyl bromide
Contd…..
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Methyl bromide is one of ozone-depleting gas as a result of this property, MB is particular concern in two Multilateral Agreements
The Montreal ProtocolInternational Plant Protection Convention
MB-Treatments: Citrus spp- MB @ 32 g/m³ for 2 hrs at 21°c is
used against Fruit flies like Mediterranean fruit fly, Natal fruit fly, Queens land fruit fly
Mango, Guava & Kiwi-MB @ 32 g/m³ for 3½ hrs at 21°c or above used against Jackbeardsley mealy bug & citrus mealy bug
Methyl bromide fumigation under as a quarantine
treatment
Contd…..
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
• Grapes• Leafy vegetables• Avocado • Macadamia • Okra• Citrus • Almond • Asparagus
• Stone fruit • Walnut • Corn• Pome fruit • Cut flowers • Root crops• Ornamentals beans/lentils• Kiwi & gauva
Produce will be treated with methyl bromide to control pests before 21 days prior to export to meet the official requirements of the import and export of
different countries
Commodities suitable forMethyl Bromide Fumigation
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Soapy Water and Wax Cherimoya, Limes &
Passion fruit from Chile Spider mite in grapes
Warm Soapy Water and brushing Durian and other large
fruits such as breadfruit for external feeders
To kill aphids eggs & larvae
Physical TreatmentWater Treatments-Non-heated
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Maintaining the product (fruit & vegetables) at a specific temperature for a specified time; designed to kill plant pests without destroying or devaluing the infested commodityGoal:Heat the fruit fast for a short time without damaging quality, yet controlling target pestConsiderations:Type of productHeating MethodTreatment Time & Temperature
Physical TreatmentHeat Treatments
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Temperature varies between 40°c to 60°cTime varies between 30sec to <10minPurpose is to reduce damage caused by
Fungi in Apple & Peaches Mealy bugs in Litchi & Limes Protecting F & V against oxidation and fungal infection
For export of mangoes from Brazil, it is recommended that dipping is performed at 12 cm depth in water at 46.1 °c for 7-9 min (Gorgatti Neto, et al.,1994)
Physical TreatmentHot Water Treatment
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
The temperature-ramp up time -heating time relations varies with the commodity and the pest involvedTreatment temp varies from 35°c to 50 °cTemperature of the innermost fruit pulp must not exceed >47.5 °c during a ramp up time of 4hrsTime varies from 20min to 30minTreatment is mainly aimed against fruit flies in most of the fruits
Physical TreatmentVapour Heat Treatment
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Air temperature varies from 43° to 49°cTime varies from 2min to 20minRH varies from 30-80% A venturi exhaust fan is used which forces the air at rate of 20.67 m 3 /minCommodity like papaya, mango, starfruit, lychee, eggplant, pepper, cucumber etc..This method is used for disinfesting fruits from flies like mediterranean fruit fly, melon fly, oriental fruit fly in papaya and mango seed weevil in mango
Physical TreatmentForced Hot Air Treatment
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Temperature varies from 0°c to 21°c & RH varies from 75% to 95%Starting with low temp of 0°c for beetroot, carrot and little high temp of 13°c to 21°c for tomatoOther products like Cabbage, Orange, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pears, Pumpkin, SpinachUsed against fruit fly like Caribbean fruit fly by exposing fruits at 0°c to 2.22°cTo control other pests and plant pathogens quick freezing at -17°c or below can also be done
Physical TreatmentCold Treatment
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
CATTS combines forced moist or vapour hot air with controlled atmosphere (i.e. low oxygen, high carbon dioxide)Air speed equivalent to 1.3-2.0 m/sGases composition equivalent to 1% O₂ and 15% CO₂ & RH of up to 90%Treatment temp is 47°c for 4hr, with core temp ≤46.5°c for 25 min & ramp up temp of 12°c/hrTreatment is done in a chamber similar to a vapour heat or forced hot air chamber with facility of introducing N₂ & Co₂Developed to control western cherry fruit fly & codling moth in sweet cherries and Mexican & West Indian fruit fly in mangoes
Controlled Atmosphere Temperature Treatment Systems (CATTS)
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Product Pest Ramp up
Rate (per
hour)
Final chamber temp
Total treatment time
Core temp
Time at core temp
Cherry Codling moth &Western Cherry
Fruit Fly
none 45 °c 45 min 42 °c within 9min
44.5°c within 22-24min
Apple Codling moth & Oriental
fruit moth
12 °C 46 °c 3 hr 44.6 °cwithin 2.5 hr
15min
Nectarine
& Peach
Codling moth &Oriental
fruit moth
12 °C 46°c 3 hr 43 °c within2.5 hr
30 min
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Food is exposed to ionizing radiations like gamma-ray, X-ray, and electron beams in order to sterilize or kill insects and microbial pests by damaging their DNAIrradiation doses that will result in a 1-log reduction in bacterial pathogens are in the range of 0.2–0.8 kGyRadiation kills microorganisms by raising food temperature quicklyU.S Food & Drug Administration has approved all types of irradiated fresh F&V, can be treated up to a maximum dose of 1 kGy Irradiated products
Note: Gy=Gray or 100 rad/kg kGy=1000 Gray
Physical TreatmentIrradiation
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and QuarantineRadiation doses approved for insects and insect
groups by the USDA-APHIS
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
RF energy refers to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with low frequency ranging from 30 MHz to 300 MHzFruits will be heated in a 12 kw and 27.12 MHz batch type RF heating system which generates internal heat by agitating molecules in the fruit with a very rapid change in charge within the electrical fieldRF heating is used for disinfestations of fruits like Orange, apple, grapefruit, peach, cherry and avocado Used to kill insects like codling moth in pome & stone fruits before shipment to trading partnersHolding fruits at 48 °c for 6.6 minutes shall provide control of the Mexican fruit fly and maintain fruit quality. (Dentener et al.,1996; Paull and Armstrong, 1994)
Physical Treatment Radio Frequency Heating
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Chemically-Based AlternativesNew Fumigants & New TechniquesMating DisruptionEmissions Control
Non-Chemical/Physical Alternatives Irradiation Heat/Cold Physical Control Combination of Compression/Vacuum technique RF Energy
Approaches for the Future
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Fumigant AlternativesNewly Developed Fumigants
COS – Carbonyl Sulfide O₃ – OzoneCH₃I – Methyl Iodide C₂N₂ – Cyanogen
Modified Existing Fumigants SO₂F₂ – Profume C ₂ H₅COOH – Ethyl FormateC₃ H₆O – Propylene Oxide PH₃ – ECO₂ Fume
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Natural Pathways1. Winds, storms2. Air and convection currents3. Surface drainage4. Natural seed dispersal5. Fliers (insects and mites)6. Migratory species (locusts)7. Self locomotion (zoospores)8. Vectors (insects, nematodes)9. Other carriers (birds and
other higher animals)
Path ways for entry of pests and pathogens
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Artificial Pathways1. Cargo (agricultural and non
agricultural)2. Mail baggage3. Common carriers (ships,
vehicles, airplanes)4. Dunnage, crates, packing
materials5. Smuggling6. Farm practices (irrigation, used
farm equipment)
Contd….
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Quarantine is an important protocol for international food trading ...To prevent dumping of low quality goods in the countryIncreasing competence of the manufacturers to compete in the international marketProtecting the nation from introduction & spread of exotic pests and diseasesOverall safety and welfare of nation’s economy and mankindIf Quarantine regulations were made mandatory in past, today India would have been free from important diseases like leaf rust of coffee(Srilanka), late blight of potato(UK), Bunchy top of banana(Srilanka), onion smut of onion(Europe) etc
Conclusion
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
• For entry into USA, the mangoes must be treated in India with irradiation by receiving a minimum absorbed dosage of 400 Grays
• Each consignment of mangoes must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of India
• The phytosanitary certificate must also bear the following two additional declarations confirming that:(1) The mangoes will be subjected to post-harvest mitigation options described as above(2) The mangoes will be inspected during pre-clearance activities and should be free from fungi like Cytosphaera mangiferae, Macrophoma mangiferae, and Xanthomonas campestris(bacteria)
Guidelines for export of mangoes from INDIAN to USA
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
FunctionsIt oversees the implementation, administration and operation of the covered agreementsIt provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes
Salient features of WTO Agreement on Agriculture
Market Access Special Safeguard Domestic Support Export subsidies
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) aims at “securing common and effective action to prevent the spread and introduction of pests of plants and plant products, and to promote appropriate measures for their control”
The Montreal Protocol aims “to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control total global emissions of substances that deplete ozone.
Different Quarantine TreatmentsMethyl Bromide Standards
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Montreal ProtocolIn 1987 - 27 nations (including U.S.) signed to initiate protocols on substances that deplete the ozone layer in Montreal, known as “MP”MP controls many ozone depleting substances (ODS) like: CFCs, Halons,) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) HCFCs, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride..MP aims to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete ozone & return the ozone layer to pre-1980 levels by 2050 to 2075
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Strategic goalsBuild partnerships with other relevant organizationsto provide a forum for public and private sectors in Canada, the United States and Mexico to collaborate in the development of science-based standardsTo rapidly develop NAPPO regional standards and NAPPO positions on international standards and decisions of other international organizationsTo develop regional phytosanitary standards for safe movement/import of commodities such as potatoes, grapevines and citrus into Canada, United States & Mexico
Standards for exporting F&V to foreign countries
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and QuarantineContd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and QuarantineList of F,V&S and countries from where import is
prohibited along with justifications
• Radio frequency production• RF power is produced when electricity is applied to an RF generator whose signal is
amplified and delivered to a parallel electrode system (RF cavity), in which a selected material is placed to apply heat...
• Approved irradiation quarantine treatment doses for Mediterranean fruit fly, Melon fly, and Oriental fruit fly is 210–250 Gy
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Fruits(cherry) stored at room temp are subjected to RF heating in a fruit moverFruits was conducted(heated) in a 12 kW, 27.12 MHz batch type RF heating systemA batch of fruits was placed in a tap water filled fruit mover system between 200 mm RF electrodes gapFruits are kept in motion by means of water jet nozzles mounted on the periphery of fruit mover
Water temperature during RF heating is controlled , RF input power was switched off when the water temperature reached 50 °c.
Contd…
United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
It is effective against most insect and mite pests at dose levels that do not affect the quality of most commoditiesIncrease shelf life by slowing ripening of fresh Fruits and VegetablesA generic dose of 150 Gy has been proposed for tephritid fruit flies & 250–300 Gy for sweet potato pests
Irradiation Effects