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Quantum Model of the Atom(p. 138-141)
Read the text first
Ch. 6.3 – Quantum Numbers
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Extra information for interested students
Louis de Broglie (1924)
Applied wave-particle theory to e-
e- exhibit wave properties
QUANTIZED WAVELENGTHS
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A. Electrons as Waves
QUANTIZED WAVELENGTHS
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A. Electrons as Waves
EVIDENCE: DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
ELECTRONSVISIBLE LIGHT
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Quantum Mechanics
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Impossible to know both the velocity and position of an electron at the same time
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B. Quantum Mechanics
σ3/2 Zπ
11s 0
eΨ a
Schrödinger Wave Equation (1926)
finite # of solutions quantized energy levels
defines probability of finding an e-
Take it easy, do not get
shocked, we will cover
this in Chemy 333, if
you are a chemistry
major student
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B. Quantum Mechanics
Radial Distribution CurveOrbital
Orbital (“electron cloud”)
Region in space where there is 90% probability of finding an e-
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C. Quantum Numbers
UPPER LEVEL
Four Quantum Numbers:
Specify the “address” of each electron in an atom
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C. Quantum Numbers
1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )
Energy level
Size of the orbital
n2 = # of orbitals in the energy level
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C. Quantum Numbers
s p d f
2. Angular Momentum Quantum # ( l )
Energy sublevel
Shape of the orbital
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C. Quantum Numbers
n = # of sublevels per level
n2 = # of orbitals per level
Sublevel sets: 1 s, 3 p, 5 d, 7 f
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C. Quantum Numbers
3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ml )
Orientation of orbital
Specifies the exact orbitalwithin each sublevel
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C. Quantum Numbers
px py pz
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C. Quantum Numbers
Orbitals combine to form a spherical shape.
2s
2pz2py
2px
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C. Quantum Numbers
4. Spin Quantum Number ( ms )
Electron spin +½ or -½
An orbital can hold 2 electrons that spin in opposite directions.
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C. Quantum Numbers
1. Principal # 2. Ang. Mom. # 3. Magnetic # 4. Spin #
energy level
sublevel (s,p,d,f)
orbital
electron
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers.
Each e- has a unique “address”:
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Feeling overwhelmed?
Read Section 6.3