Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Theory
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Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev
Source: Corbis
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Figure 12.25: Mendeleev's early periodic table, published in 1872
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ATOMS
MASS CHARGE
nucleus proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron 0 -1
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CHEMISTRY
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CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry is in the
electrons
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CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry is in the
electrons
(the outer shell electrons)
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CHEMISTRY
Most chemistry is in the
electrons
(the valence electrons)
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Figure 12.10: Electronic transitions in the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom
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Massive star in Pistol Nebula
Source: NASA
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1,2,…
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l
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Figure 12.18: Three representations of the hydrogen 1s
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Figure 12.19b: Representation of the 2p orbitals.
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Figure 12.19a: Representation of the 2p orbitals.
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Figure 12.20: A cross section of the electron probability distribution for a 3p orbital.
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Figure 12.21b: Representation of the 3d orbitals
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Figure 12.21a: Representation of the 3d orbitals
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Figure 12.22: Representation of the 4f orbitals in terms of their boundary surfaces.
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l
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QUANTUM NUMBERS to label electrons
n Shell 1,2,…
l Angular momentum
0,..,n-1
ml “Direction” of l -l,….,+l
s Spin ±½
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Wolfgang Pauli
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Wolfgang Pauli
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PAULI PRINCIPLE
• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS
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PAULI PRINCIPLE
• NO TWO ELECTRONS SHALL HAVE THE SAME SET OF QUANTUM NUMBERS
• Consequence:AUFBAU
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s1
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p1
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p2
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p3
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p4
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p5
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
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Figure 12.26: The electron configurations in the type of orbital occupied last for the first 18 elements
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
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Figure 12.27: Electron configurations for potassium through krypton.
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Figure 12.28: The orbitals filled for elements in various parts
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Figure 12.29: The periodic table with atomic symbols, atomic numbers, and
partial electron configurations
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Figure 12.30: A form of the periodic table recommended by IUPAC
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CHEMISTRY
Full shells make the happiest
atoms
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CHEMISTRY
Full shells make the most stable
atoms
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Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table
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Figure 12.35: The values of first ionization energy for the elements in the first five periods.
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Figure 12.36: The electron affinity for atoms among the first 20 elements that form stable, isolated X- ions.
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Figure 12.37: The radius of an atom (r) is defined as half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule
consisting of identical atoms.
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Figure 12.34: Radial probability distributions
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Figure 12.38: Atomic radii (in picometers) for selected atoms.
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Figure 12.39: Special names for groups in the periodic table (cont’d)
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