Download - QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
1/25
Soil Quality
What is it?How do we measure it?
How do we enhance it?
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
2/25
5Functions
of Soil
Medium forPlant growth
Recycling
system
Habitat for
Soil organismsWater supplyand purification
Engineering Medium
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
3/25
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
4/25
DefinitionThe capacity of a soil to:
1. Sustain biological productivity and
diversity2. Maintain environmental quality
3. Promote plant and animal healthSource:Doran & Parkin, 1994)
J.L. Deenik J.L. Deenik
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
5/25
Brady & Weil, 2004
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
6/25
Good vs Bad
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
7/25
Soil Quality Assessment
Look
Feel Smell
Other ?
Physical
Chemical Biological
Descriptive Analytical
J.L. DeenikJ.L. Deenik
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
8/25
Soil Quality AssessmentIndicator Rationale
Physical
Texture Retention and transport of water and chemicalsDepth of soil and rooting Estimate of productivity potential and erosion
Bulk density and infiltration Potential for leaching, productivity, and erosion
WHC Water retention, transport, and erosivity
Chemical
Total SOM C sequestration, potential fertility, and stability
Active OM Structural stability and food for microbespH Biological and chemical activity threshholds
EC Plant and microbial activity threshholds
Extractable NPK Plant available nutrients, potential for environmental contamination
Biological
Microbial biomass Early warning of management effect on organic matter
Mineralizable N Soil productivity and N supply potentialSpecific respiration Microbial activity per unit microbial biomass
Macroorganisms Potential influence
Doran & Parkin, 1994
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
9/25
Indicators Sensitivity to
Management
Water content
Respiration
Bulk density pH
NPK
Aggregation
Microbial
biomass Active C
OM content
Soil depth
Slope
Climate Restrictive
layers
Texture
Mineralogy
Rapid Intermediate Permanent
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
10/25
pH and EC
Bulk density
Depth of soil
Texture
WHC
Extractable NPK
Total SOM
Active OM
N mineralization
Microbial biomass
Microbial diversity
Relatively Simple Difficult
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
11/25
Soil Quality Monitoring
Intensive sampling
Expensive analysis
Field test kits?
http://www.bentonswcd.org/store/
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
12/25
Measuring Soil Responses to
Management
Sustainable Management Stability in production and profitability
Protection and enhancement of the natural
resource base Soil responds to
management
Assessment Approaches
J.L. Deenik
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
13/25
Cultivation and Soil Organic Matter
S
oilOrganicM
atter(mg/ha)
Time After Start of Cultivation (years) Brady & Weil, 2004
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
14/25
Effects Due to Loss of SOM Increased bulk density
Decreased soil tilth Poor soil structure
Decreased water infiltration
Increased erosion Decreased water holding capacity
Increased susceptibility to drought
Decreased N mineralization potential Decreased microbial biomass/activity
Decreased macrofauna
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
15/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Brady & Weil, 2004
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
16/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
17/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from Hawaii
TotalN(%)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
SoilOrganicC(%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
SoilpH
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Uncultivated
Cultivated
ExtractableP(ppm
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Waimea soil:
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
18/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from Hawaii
Waimea soil:
A
ggregateStability(5
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MBC(ppm)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Uncultivated
Cultivated
HWEC(ppm)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
NMin
eralizationPotential
(ppm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
19/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from Hawaii
HydrudandUstand Ustoll Perox Ustox
HWEC(mgCkg-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Uncultivated
Conventional Cultivation
HydrudandUstand Ustoll Perox Ustox
MBC(mgC
kg-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Hot H2O Extractable C Microbial Biomass C
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
20/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from Hawaii
N Mineralization Potential Aggregate Stability
Hydrudand Ustand Ustoll Ustox
NMine
ralizationPotential(mgNkg-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Soil Suborder
Hydrudand Ustand Ustoll Perox
AggregateStability(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Uncultivated
Conventional Cultivation
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
21/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from Hawaii
Compost Experiment
Effects of compost on Radish growth and N mineralization
0 11.2 44.8
FreshWeight(g/p
lant)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%Infection
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Fresh Weight
% Infection
Compost Addition Rate (T/ha)
0 11.2 44.8
MarketableYield(g/plant)
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 11.2 44.8
NMineralizationPotential(mgNH4
+-Nkg-1
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
a b c
Compost added at 10 and 40 T/acre
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
22/25
Management Effects on Soil Quality
Examples from HawaiiEffects of organic management on a Vertisol, Waianae
MBC(mgCk
g-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HWEC(mgC
kg-1)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
AggregateStability(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Uncultivated
Organic Management
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
23/25
Cultivation has had a negative effect on soil quality.
Clear evidence that changes in SOM management arerequired to improve soil quality.
Does improving soil quality directly improve crop
production?
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
24/25
Fundamental Questions Does improving soil quality
parameters improve crop
quality and production? Do the benefits of usinggreen manure rotationsoutweigh the additional costand labor?
Are animal manures a viableoption?
What role does research playin helping farmers enhance
soil quality
J.L. Deenik
-
7/23/2019 QUALITY SOIL (Calidad de Suelo)
25/25
Building Partnerships
Solution