![Page 1: PtiPerspectives f Nfrom Norway - ksla.se˜gaard.pdf · TRP = 1.63 PTRP = 1.63 P--AL + 89.6AL + 89.6 R2 = 0.73 P-AL (mg/kg) Tore Krogstad. P distribution on particle-size fractions](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022022801/5c6f19e009d3f2f3568bc3f7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Today’s knowledgeToday’s knowledgeand potential for future research P ti f N-Perspectives from Norway
Anne Falk ØgaardAnne Falk ØgaardMarianne Bechmann
Svein SkøienBioforsk Jord og miljø
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Eutrophic lake in a complex agricultural landscape
- How do we reduce P loads to the lake most efficiently?y
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P loss processes
Source Transport Sink
........................................
..
After Sharpley et al. 2001
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Soil erosion – the main focus in Norwayy
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Maps of erosion risk -derived from soil maps
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S il i ff t f d d ilSoil erosion – effect of reduced soiltillage
Results from lysimeter experiments
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Effect of red ced tillage in a t mn on soil lossEffect of reduced tillage in autumn on soil loss
Middel årlig jordtap 1992-2000 for 5 forsøksfelter
500
600
700
Høstpløying
Ikke pløying
Clay soils on all sites
Slope 10-13%
300
400
500
Knowledge gaps:- Effect of reduced tillage on
0
100
200
gareas with low erosion risk
- Effect of reduced tillage on subsurface runoff0
Bjørnebekk Askim Hellerud Øsaker Syverud
Jordtap kg/daa
subsurface runoff
Helge Lundekvam
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Tillage winter wheatPlot 2:Harrowing before seedinggSS-kons: 1110 mg/l
Plot 3:Di t d illiDirect drillingSS-kons: 5 mg/l
Pl t 42 3 4 Plot 4:Ploughing before seedingSS-kons: 5820 mg/l
2 3 4
Surface runoff 16.09.04 - 05.10.04
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ErosionErosion risk at different tillagerisk at different tillage
Autumn ploughing 1,00
Autumn harrowing 0,50
Spring ploughing (No autumn tillage) 0,14
Grass 0,05
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From plot scale to catchment scale
Mørdre catchment (JOVA catchment): • Increased area with no autumn tillage from 1990 to 2009 Increased area with no autumn tillage from 1990 to 2009
• But still increased particle and phosphorus concentration in the stream
• Climate change increased runoff
500300SS TP Avrenning
300350400450500
200
250
300
g (m
m)
TP (g
/daa
)100150200250
50
100
150
Avre
nnin
g
S (k
g/da
a), T
050
0
91/9
292
/93
93/9
494
/95
95/9
696
/97
97/9
898
/99
99/0
000
/01
01/0
202
/03
03/0
404
/05
05/0
606
/07
07/0
808
/09
SS
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C ti itConnectivity
Sedimentation of eroded soilbefore it reaches watercourses?
Distance to watercourses and landscape shapesp p
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Improved soil structure reduced erosion riskImproved soil structure reduced erosion risk
Average yearly soil and P loss in surface runoff
Soil aggregate
Suspendedsolids
Phosphorus
Average yearly soil and P loss in surface runoff
aggregatestability
solidskg/ha kg/ha
AskimSlope 13%Clay 29%
Low 2990 3,4
SyverudSyverudSlope 13%Clay 23%
High 131 0,39
H. Lundekvam
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Erosion in streams
Algal availability of P in subsoil? Algal availability of P in subsoil?
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Soil and P losses also through tile drainsSoil and P losses also through tile drains
Kværnø og Bechmann (2010)
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P fertilization and soil P status P fertilization and soil P status
1200
800
1000/L
)P-AL 24
400
600
800
otal
P (µ
g
200
400To
P-AL 7
00 100 200 300 400
Suspended solids (mg/L)
Marianne Bechmann
p ( g )
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Particle bound P not always particle bound
12
Clay soil, Ås
12
Sandy soil, Råde
6
8
10
12
(mg/10
0g)
P‐AL 3,5
P‐AL 4,9
P‐AL 8,7
P‐AL 13 6
8
10
12
(mg/10
0 g)
P‐AL 6,3
P‐AL 9,2
P‐AL 24
P‐AL 38
0
2
4
0 200 400 600 800
CaCl2‐P
0
2
4
0 200 400 600 800
CaCl2‐P
0 200 400 600 800
solution:soil
0 200 400 600 800
solution:soil
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Critical soil test P value for P loss?
20
Silty clay loam
10
15
aCl2
(mg
P/kg
)
0
5
0 10 20 30 40
P-C
a
Tore Krogstad
P-AL (mg/100g)
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Particle bound P available for algae?Particle bound P available for algae?
Biotests (Krogstad & Løvstad, 1991):( g , )
• 20-70 % of total P in cultivated soilpotential available for blue green algae; potential available for blue-green algae; dependent of the part of inorganic P
• Organic P was not readily available for algae
Chemical test (Krogstad & Løvstad, 1991):
• Total Reactive P (TRP) in soil suspensionsotal eact ve ( ) so l suspe s o s≈ P available to blue-green algae
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Algal available P related to P-AL
Algal available P (TRP) as a function of P-AL
600
g)
400
500
TRP
(mg/
kg
200
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
100TRP = 1.63 PTRP = 1.63 P--AL + 89.6AL + 89.6
RR22 = 0.73= 0.73
P-AL (mg/kg)
Tore Krogstad
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P distribution on particle-size fractionsp
• Particles <20 µm would stay suspended long enough to be a t ti l f P t lpotential source of P to algae (Huettl et al. 1979)
• Increasing P concentration with decreasing particle size
Sandy soil Clay soilP‐AL 23,5 P‐AL 28mg P/kg mg P/kgmg P/kg mg P/kg
Whole soil 800 1600
< 20 µm 4400 1800< 20 µm 4400 1800
< 2 µm 7100 3800
Rikard Pedersen 2008
• A large part of excess P fertilization is found in the clayfraction (Øgaard 1996)
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Reduced P fertilization in the catchment of western Vansjø
kg P/ha g
2004 2007 2008 2009
Average for 75 % of the fields 22 11 5,8 4,4 of the fields
Effects of reduced P fertilization on P runoff?
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TP/SS relationship in streams
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Small constructed wetlands for P retention
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Effect of constructed wetlands
Braskerud (2001):• Retention of soil particles: • Retention of soil particles:
45 -75%
• Retention of total P: 21 – 44%
• Retention of dissolved P: Low
Tore KrogstadTore Krogstad
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Maintenance of constructed wetlands importantMaintenance of constructed wetlands important
mm
)
n (%
)
renn
ing
(m
g re
tens
jon
AvÅrli
g
TP SS Avrenning (mm)
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Filtralite P® filter at the end of constructed wetlands
Fil li P (0 5 4 ) E d d l i h li• Filtralite P (0,5-4 mm): Expanded clay aggregates with lime
• Cost of Filtralite P: 65-90 € per m3
WetlandWetland
Filter
Outlet
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P retention in the filter -ft t bli h tone year after establishment
350
200
250
300P/l
50
100
150TP µg
Before filter
After filter
0
50
Data from E. Hougsrud 2009
But: Only 0.2 l/s through the filter
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R i d h t i ti f Required characteristics for filters for agricultural runoff
• High hydraulic conductivity
• High adsorption capacity and short reaction time
• Flocculation of clay particles
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G d b ff Grassed buffer zones
• Where are grassed buffer zones efficient?
- topography- soil type
soil tillage- soil tillage
• If the grass is not cut; release f di l d P d i of dissolved P during
winter/spring
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Grassed buffer zones
100100 Grorudnson
e
8090
100
Mørdre8090
100
Mørdre
geta
sjon
506070
S506070
Snet i
veg
20304050 Sum m e r
W inte r
20304050 Sum m e r
W inte r
SS fj
ern
01020
01020
TP o
g S
TP -5m
TP -10m
S S -5m
SS -10 m
SS -5m
TP -5 m
TP -5m
TP -10m
S S -5m
SS -10 m
SS -5m
TP -5 m N. Syversen%
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Release of P from different plant species after winter frost
Ongoing research:
18-42% av total P released last winter, d d ldepending on plant species
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Application of manure
Injection techniques for li ti i fl manure application – influence
on risk for P losses?
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Identify high-risk areas – Calculator for P-indexhttp://webgis.no/pindeks
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P runoff from forests?P runoff from forests?
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Thank you for the attention!