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Psychology in Action
Chapter 1: Introduction toPsychology & Its Research Methods
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Introducing Psychology
What is Psychology? The scientific study of behavior & mental
processes.
Psychology focuses on critical thinking & is scientific.
Pseudopsychologies (e.g., psychics, mediums) are nonscientific.
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Introducing Psychology: Psychology’s Four Goals
1. Description: tells “what” occurred2. Explanation: tells “why” a behavior or
mental process occurred3. Prediction: identifies conditions under
which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur
4. Change: applies psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behavior or to bring about desired goals
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Applying Psychology To Work: Examples
Biopsychology/ Neuroscience
Clinical & Counseling Psychology
Cognitive Psychology Developmental
Psychology Educational & School
Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Forensic Psychology Gender/Cultural
Psychology Industrial/Organizational
Psychology Social Psychology
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Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty
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Origins of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt: Considered to be the “father of psychology”
Developed the first psychological laboratory in Germany in 1879
Trained the first scientific psychologists His ideas would lead to multiple different
psychological perspectives:
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Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive Neuroscience/Biopsychology Evolutionary Sociocultural
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Your Job… Create point form notes on each of the
major perspectives identified on pages 10-13 of your textbook
Be sure to identify how each perspective seeks to explain human behavior, as well as particular scientists associated with each perspective
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Structuralism: sought to identify the basic building blocks, or structures, of the mind through introspection – looking inward at basic sensations and feelings Edward Titchener = key leader Doomed to fail – no scientific way existed with
which to settle disputes
Origins of Psychology
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Origins of Psychology Cont’d
Functionalism: studied how the mind functions to adapt organisms to their environment Asked Why? and How? Strongly influenced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
and the concept of natural selection William James = key leader
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Origins of Psychology (Continued) Psychoanalytic/
Psychodynamic Perspective: unconscious processes & unresolved past conflicts between “acceptable” and “unacceptable” behaviors Freud = key founder Behaviors based on sexual
impulses Believed most of our development
occurred during childhood
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Origins of Psychology (Continued) Behavioral Perspective:
objective, observable environmental influences on behavior
Watson, Pavlov, & Skinner were key figures
Believed we could use external stimuli to shape human behavior
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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Origins of Psychology (Continued) Humanistic Perspective: free will, self-actualization,
& a positive, growth-seeking human nature – self-actualization (when we reach our full potential)
Opposite to behaviorists Rogers & Maslow were key figures
Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
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Origins of Psychology (Continued)
Cognitive Perspective: studies how we gather, encode and store information such as problem solving, memory, language, & information processing
Neuroscience/ Biopsychology Perspective: studies how genetics & other biological processes in the brain & nervous system affect behavior
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Origins of Psychology (Continued)
Evolutionary Perspective: argues that natural selection, adaptation, & evolution help to explain behavior
Sociocultural Perspective: social interaction & cultural determinants Show how factors such as ethnicity, religion,
occupation and SES impact behavior
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Origins of Psychology: One Unifying Theme of Modern Psychology
Biopsychosocial model: combines all seven major perspectives
Views biological processes, psychological factors and social forces as interrelated influences on behavior
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Why do you think psychologists & other scientists may need multiple
perspectives when it comes to understanding the unknown?
Pause & Pause & Reflect: Reflect: Critical Critical ThinkingThinking
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Do See a Vase Or Two Faces? Multiple
perspectives allow psychologists to better understand research & complex behavior & mental processes.
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Assignment: Outrageous Celebrities Choose one celebrity who has demonstrated
some “not-so-normal” behaviors in recent years Summarize the behaviors (explain what they
have been doing; identify at least 3 behaviors) Using the chart on page 14, explain how each of
the seven modern perspectives would explain the celebrity’s behaviors Ex. Freud may explain drinking or drug use to a past
conflict between the individual and their parent
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The Science of Psychology
Research Methods
“What is research, but a blind date with knowledge” – William Henry
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The Science of Psychology Basic Research: conducted to advance
scientific knowledge Knowledge for its own sake Typically conducted in universities or research labs Meets the first three goals of psychology – description,
explanation and prediction
Applied Research: designed to solve practical problems Meets the fourth goal of psychology – to change existing
real world problems
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The Scientific Method
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The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines
Ethical Guidelines for Human Research Participants: • Informed consent• Voluntary participation• Restricted use of deception & Debriefing• Confidentiality• Alternative activities (for college credits)
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The Science of Psychology: Ethical Guidelines (Continued)
Rights of Nonhuman Participants: Advocates believe nonhuman research offers significant scientific benefits. Opponents question these benefits & suggest nonhuman animals cannot give informed consent.
General Guidelines: Psychologists must maintain high standards for both human & nonhuman animal research.
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Four key research methods:
1. Experimental
2. Descriptive
3. Correlational
4. Biological
Research Methods
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Four Key Research Methods
1. Experimental Research: carefully controlled scientific procedure that manipulates variables to determine cause & effect
Key features of an experiment: Independent variable (factor that is
manipulated) versus dependent variable (factor that is measured)
Experimental group (receives treatment) versus control group (receives no treatment)
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Does TV increase aggression? Only an experiment can determine cause & effect.
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Research Methods—Experimental
Potential researcheresearcher problems:
Experimenter bias - researcher influences the research results in the expected direction
Solution = Double Blind Study Ethnocentrism - believing one's culture is
typical of all cultures May see impact of personal stereotypes
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Research Methods—Experimental
Potential participantparticipant problems:
Sample bias - research participants are unrepresentative of the larger population
Solution = random sampling and random assignment
Participant bias - research participants are influenced by the researcher or experimental conditions
Ex. May be embarrassed so may lie
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Research Methods—Experimental (Continued)
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Research Methods—Descriptive
2. Descriptive Research: observes & records behavior without producing causal explanations
Three types of descriptive research: Naturalistic Observation - observation & recording of behavior in natural state or
habitat Survey - assessment of a sample or population Case Study - in-depth study of a single participant
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What could be the advantage of studying psychological research methods like naturalistic observation?
What could be the disadvantage?
Pause & Reflect: Pause & Reflect: Psychology at Psychology at WorkWork
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Research Methods—Correlational
3. Correlational Research: observes or measures (without directly manipulating) two or more variables to find relationships between them
Be Aware: Correlation does not imply causation Example Pg. 31 – ice cream consumption and drowning are highly
correlated. Does this mean eating ice cream causes people to drown? Of course not! A third factor, such as time of year, affects both ice cream consumption and time spent in the water
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Research Methods—Correlational
Positive Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the same direction—either up or down
Ex. Studying for a test is positively correlated with higher test scores
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Research Methods—Correlational
Negative Correlation: two variables move (or vary) in the opposite direction—either up or down
Ex. Missing more school decreases grades
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Research Methods—Correlational
Zero Correlation: no relationship between two variables (when one variable increases, the other can increase, decrease, or stay the same)
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Research Methods—Correlational
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Research Methods—Correlational
Can you see why correlation can never show cause & effect?
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Research Methods—Biological
4. Biological Research: scientific studies of the brain & other parts of the nervous system
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Methods of Biological Research: Lesioning (systematically destroying brain tissue
to study the effects on behavior and mental processes)
Dissection Observation & Case Studies – particularly of
living people who have had injuries, diseases and disorders that affected brain functioning
Electrical Recordings of brain activity
Research Methods—Biological