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Psychoanalysis Criticism: Part 1
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
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Patterns of behaviour
How adolescent and adult behaviour ispatterned by early childhood experiences
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Conscious
What we are aware of and remember
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Unconscious
A storehouse of suppressed memories, painfulexperiences, wounds, fears, guilt, guilty desiresand unresolved conflicts
Accessible through dreams & perhaps hypnosis
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Id or libido
Animal instinct and desire-results in pleasure
It is an unconscious driving force in the humanpsyche
It operates on the pleasure principle,
narcissism (excessive interest in self) and hedonism
(pleasure is the highest good and human aim).
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Ego
The referee between id and super ego, the
conscious self
It is manifested as the conscious self.
It has no conscious access to the id or the
superego.
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Super ego
Moralityreligion- breaking rules results in guilt
Ingrained into the subconscious through theprocess of socialization from childhood.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF
PSYCHOANALYSIS Repression
Oedipal conflict
Defense mechanismsAnxiety
Imagery
Drives
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Repression
The expunging from consciousness of the unhappypsychological events mentioned above whichshapes current experiences and behaviour.Unconscious repression current experienceswe hang on to them distorted, disguised and in self-defeating ways
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Defense mechanisms
Defenses are the processes by which thecontents of our unconscious are kept in theunconscious ie keeping the repressed in order
to avoid knowing what we feel we cannot handleknowing. Eg. Selective perception, selectivememory, denial, avoidance (eg. Fear of
intimacy), displacement, projection (ascribingour fears and problems to someone else andcondemning them for it.)
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Displacement
Transferring ones anger or fears towards
someone onto another person
Governed by the subconscious
Not known to the conscious self
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Anger Displacement
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Oedipal conflict (Oedipus Complex)
Competition with the parent of the same genderfor the attention and affection of the parent ofthe opposite gender.
Boys identify with their fathers and girls withtheir mothers once they become aware of theirgender
Compete for the affections of the parent of theopposite gender
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Anxiety
Happens when our defenses momentarily breaksdown. Anxiety the return of the repressed.
Cause stressful situations
Eg. phobias
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Dreams
Using safe content to represent the repressed.Latent content process of displacement and
condensation (primary revision) manifest
content. We may forget certain parts of dreamwhen we are awake or remember the events andsubjects differently, this is called secondary
revision.
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Phallic symbols
Anything that resembles the penis eg. Towers,guns, rockets, arrows, swords, fruits, trees,aeroplanes etc.
Often manifested in dream state or in adisguised form
Represents power
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Female imagery
Anything that resembles the womb. Caves,rooms, containers, bottles, water. Breastsmilk,fruit etc.
Manifested in disguised forms
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Trauma
A painful experience that scars uspsychologically.
Affects how we perceive the world and react to
it.
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Death drive/ Thanatos
Self destructive behaviour. Opposite of eros ie sexfulfillment
Often due to an unconscious form of self-hatreddue to something that is subconscious (repressed)
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Fears
Fear of intimacyno attachment, no loss
Eg. Fear and avoidance of positive relationships
PhobiasTransferred into consciousness in disguised
forms
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Penis Envy
The desire for male organ by females- desire forpower
Starts in childhoodtransferred into morecomplex forms in adulthood
Overcompensation in adulthoodhunger forpower and control
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Castration anxiety
Fear of the loss of power
Experienced by males
Results due to the comparison of the presenceof a penis in the male child and the lack of it infemales
Over compensating behaviour by males
P h n l i P rt 2
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Psychoanalysis: Part 2
Jacques Lacan
1901-1981
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Jacques Lacan
Some Basic Assumptions
- there is no separation between self and society
-personality is not the mind but the wholebeing
-persons psychology cannot be separated frompersonal history
-the unconscious resembles language and isimplicitly manifested in all out actions
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Stages of Development
-child sees self as an appendage of the mother
- mirror stage child recognizes the reflection inmirror is an image
-recognizes that the self is different and separatefrom others
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Oedipus Complex
- the pivot of humanization or a transition froma natural register of life to a cultural register ofgroup that includes laws, language and
organization that Lacan calls the name of thefather which is the Law
- this is the moment of symbolic castration i.e
the separation from the mother
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Lacans Planes of Reality
The Imaginary Order (pre Oedipal Stage)
The Symbolic Order (after the moment ofsymbolic castration and structured by language)
The Real Order (the reality that we can neverknow-)
Note: human nature for Lacan is impossible to know in
its pure state because it is always mediated through
language
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Need, Desire & Demand
Needbiological, like hunger
Desirearises out of the lack of satisfaction
Demanda means of revealing desire
All three are interrelatedeg.1 A child cries for milk,
to have its need satisfied but it also wants or desires themothers love at the same time
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Desire & Demand
Demand is partly determined by the response ofthe other to the demand
Eg.2A child criesmother gives chocolate- the child
can never know if the response was for satisfying its
hunger or as an act of love
Eg.3Anorexic girls wants or desires love but is given
food instead, so the demand continues
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Demand & Desire
A demand is a means of revealing desire but it isoblique (not going straight to the point)
Desire is a desire for the Other (what is notthere and something that could be given only tous- but there is no such object) but it has to beinterpreted.
So, it is the disappointment of demand that isthe basis of the growth of desire.
Desire only leads to desire.
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dEcOnStRuCtIoN
jacqueS derridA2004 1930
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.logocentrisM
No transcendental signified
Our everyday sense of reality is based on
logocentricthought where the values andreasons are based on equated with a privilegedepistemic (like a blue print) access to thoughts,
in the mind of those presumed or authorized toknow (Norris, 2002).
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Whats this thing?
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Logocentrism, which is governed byarchiaanoriginal and true governing principle produces
a sense of totality based on its assumption that
there is indeed a single undeniable version oftruth and thus a perceived reality
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That perceived reality could occasionally bedisturbed or questioned through an act of
solicitationwhich is an act that shakes the totality
of logocentrism creating an aporiaor aninsoluble logical difficulty that makes bothoptions possible
To keep the birds and squirrels away
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To keep the birds and squirrels awayAND for protection against strong
winds or earthquakes
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Diffrance
No element functions as a sign without referringto another element which itself is not present.This interweaving results in each element
phoneme or grapheme- being constituted on thebasis of the trace within it of the other elementsof the chain or system.
Eg. Looking for a word in the dictionary
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Intertextuality& Archi-criture
This interweaving, this textile, is the text(not buku)produced only in the transformation of anothertext. Nothing, neither among the elements nor
within the system, is anywhere ever present orabsent. There are only, everywhere, differencesand traces (Derrida, 2002, p. 26).
Thus meaning is always delayed (to defer/postponed) and different (to differ)
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Diffrance & Trace
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Diffrance & Trace
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Texts
Texts betray traces of their own instability, eg.
Hussein:Ive completed my ISO portfolio forthe SIRIM people to check next week.
Siti J: Hey, dont show offput it away
menyampah akuMariah: My God even Hussein has finished it.
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Binary Oppositions
In structuralism we have binary opposition
Laugh (+) VS Cry ( - )
In deconstruction we ask Are they always
positive and negative?
Could they be the same in a situation?
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Dokonit