Download - Psych 105 1-4
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
1/30
Why PSYCH 105?
Lecture Goals
To explain the rationale for this course
To provide an overview of misconceptions of psychology and their effects
Reading
Thinking About Modern Psychology
Ch. 1 Student Misconceptions in the Psychology Classroom
Ch. 2 The Rodney Dangerfield of the Sciences
Misconceptions of Psychology
Concern since 1st meeting of the APA (Janda, England, Lovejoy, & Drury, 1998)
Only 50% believe scientific approach benefits understanding human behavior (Witley,1959)
Good news
Increased recognition of psychology as a science (Wood, Jones, & Benjamin,1986)
but dont ride off into the sunset yet
Bad news
People dont know what that means
Public Paradox
People want Psychology to answer the Big questions
What is the mind/consciousness?
Am I normal?
How do I make life decisions?
How do I get revenge on my X?How do I find happiness?
How do I find true love?
but fear what psychology might reveal
Uncover things we dont want to know
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
2/30
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
3/30
Dr. Wonderful - caring & competent, endless time for patients, cures byuncovering single traumatic event
Dr. Rigid - strict killjoy
Dr. Line-Crosser - inappropriate relationships with patients
Misconceptions about
Disorders
Procedures
Careers
Suggests Psychology is is self-help recipe knowledge
1st do this
2nd do this
3rd do this
Suggests Psychologists and Psychiatrists are for the weak minded
Pop books/articles typically not written by scientific psychologists
They publish in journals
No law against publishing wrong information in a book and claiming it is true
Pseudoscience & Parapsychology dont help
Suggests pseudo-science and parapsychology are part of psychology!
Creates confusion about Psychologys goals, methods, careers.credibility!
Psychologists Dont Help!!!
Dont take role as public commentator seriously (Baumeister, 1987)
Only a few put legitimate psychological research in a form accessible to thecommon person
Few rewardsAre we really surprised that.
People dont understand educational requirements
83% believed that daily life experiences provided adequate training inpsychology (Wood et al.,1986)
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
4/30
Vocational descriptions of psychologists correlated with those of scientists
Central characterization of psychology involved work with abnormal phenomena(Webb & Speer, 1985)
Misconceptions Are Pervasive
Children have similar perceptions of psychology (Dollinger & Thelen, 1978)
Full-time faculty at Old Dominion
Believed psychology required less expertise than the hard sciences
Associated psychology with mental illness and treatment (Janda et al., 1998)
Introductory psychology students
Asked to evaluate information like psychologists
Acted more like intuitive judges than scientists (Camac, 2003)
Example comments at END of Intro Psychology
Psychology experiments are not real life; what can they tell us?
Psychology just cant be a real science like chemistry, can it?
But I heard a therapist on TV say the opposite of what our textbook says
Confusion for Graduating Psy Majors
What can I do with my degree?
How can I get the job I want?
Do I HAVE to go to grad school?
PSYCH 105 Plan
PSYs identity
PSY Career paths
PSY as a process
Research & Applications
Common misunderstandings of PSY
Do You Mind?
Reading
Psychology's Identity
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
5/30
Ch. 1 Introduction
Ch. 2 The Early Greek Philosophers
Ch. 3 Physiological Influences on Psychology
Lecture Goals
Discuss the mind-body debate
Discuss how early religion, philosophy, and biology influenced Psychologys identity
Discuss how early religion, philosophy, and biology influenced misunderstandings ofPsychology
Mind Body Debate
Drove development of Psychology
Still does
Important questions
What is the mind?
How does it interact with the brain?
Implications of answers
What is the mind made of?
Physical matter vs. Spiritual matter
Who should give advice about the mind?
Religious leaders
Philosophers (early Academicians)
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
6/30
Early doctors (Scientists)
Mind vs. Body
Mind vs. Soul
Philosophy-
Mind as a reflection of truth?a tool for determining truth?
The Religious Mind
The mind is the soul.
Your identity
Eternal
The body
Vessel for the soul/ spirits
Ghost in the Machine
Behavior
Good behavior = follows religious codes of conduct
Bad behavior = demonic possession
Stone Age
Evil spirits can reside in the head
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
7/30
Early exorcism
Drill holes in head to release spirits
1400 BC
Vedic priests purge "angry demons" to cure patients
1000 BC
The Etruscans, Greeks, Egyptians believe deities responsible for health and illness
Saint Augustine (354-430)
God endows free will
For humans to be good, they must be able to choose to do good
Makes connection between human thinking (Choice) and human nature (Behavior)
Identifies different kinds of thought in the mind
Devine (Faith)
Derived (Reason)
Tension between (soul) faith and (body) appetites (lust, greed)
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
Interested in reconciliation between faith and reason
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
8/30
Doctrine of double truths
Faith and reason are separate ways of knowing
Something can be true in rational philosophy but false in religious belief
CAN argue and debate about natural phenomena and religion without losing faith.
Body and soul are united.
Emotion must be understood holistically - in terms of its physiological and psychologicalqualities
But, believed in a separable immortal soul with cognitive abilities!?!?!
Middle Ages
Clergy treat the abnormal
Mental illness might not be caused by demonic possession
Early milieu therapy
Calm places -- monasteries and abbeys
Yes it is!!
Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches)
Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of Witches) published by Dominican Monks
Fuels witch hunt craze
Pope, King of Rome, University of Cologne approve the book
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
9/30
Thousands of mentally ill burned and executed throughout Europe
Accused of being under the influence of devil
Joan or Arc
Renaissance
Changes in attitudes about religion
Rise in value of logic and science
Galileo
Newton
Views about mental illness begin to shift to physical causes.
Contributions to modern Psychology
Mind = identity/personality
Mind is distinctly different from the body (biology)
Mentally ill need help/care (Milieu therapy)
Thought can come from the body and affect behavior
There are different kinds of thought.
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
10/30
Contributions to misunderstandings
Psychology = paranormal
Ghosts & out of body experience
Identity = free floating eternal spirit
Therapist = spiritual leader?
Seek spiritual counselors
True helpers
Psychic healers
Faith healers
Mentally ill
Evil, dangerous
Should be feared and tortured
Brutal therapies
Holes in head
Exorcism
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
11/30
The Philosophical Mind
The body
Filters input into mind (sensation & perception)
Sometimes does not provide accurate information
Contents of the mind
Where does knowledge come from?
Origin of thought & Psamtik I, King of Egypt
Natural language = Phrygian, not Egyptian
Functions of the mind
Logical, critical thinking = truest knowledge
Plato
Brain is seat of soul
Transmigration of souls
Some knowledge is innate (Nativist)
3 part dualistic soul
Immortal/rational part Mind
Courageous (emotional) part -- Body
Appetitive part (body desires/drives) -- Body
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
12/30
Conflict and Personality
If rational part dominates, suppress other 2 => true knowledge, best personality
If appetitive part dominates => least desirable personality
Madness = conflict between body drives and soul
Aristotle
Brain mainly for cooling blood, heart most important
Soul and body not independent
Empiricist - We need to see world for ourselves.
Senses can be trusted
Rational thought important, but so is observation of the world
Madness = conflict between drives and moral codes
Father of Modern Science!!! (Aristotle)
Organized nature in reasoned ways.
Step 1: Ask what is the question?
Step2: Define terms
Step3: Review what other (experts) think
Step 4: Explain what you think
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
13/30
Set stage for first steps of scientific method
Descartes
What is real? What is imagined?
Am I imagined? Is my body? Is my reality constructed?
Consciousness = function of the mind
Cogito ergo sum
Animals have no soul
Much behavior does not require soul
Unconscious processes
The body must control unconscious behavior (reflexes)
Placed mind in the brain (pineal gland)
Interactive Dualism/Cartesian Dualism
Mind and brain are separate, but influence each other
Allowed science and church to coexist
Scientists study the body (brain, reflexes)
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
14/30
Church works on influencing the mind
Are we natural dualist?
Bering and Bjorklund (2004)
Younger children and the Mr. Alligator and brown mouse story
Mouses biological processes ceased
Mouses psychological processes continue
Thinking, wanting, knowing
Cultural Beliefs (from Bloom, 2004)
Double funerals
Exorcism
Reincarnation
90% Americans believe in heaven
72% Americans believe in angels
Uploading yourself into a computer
Contributions to modern Psychology
Began to ask questions about the contents of the mind
Conscious vs. unconscious processes
Began to ask questions about the functions of the mind
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
15/30
Mind is product of the brain
How well do mental representations correspond to reality?
Emphasized the need for critical thinking and empiricism to determine truth
Noted role of body (biology) in madness
Planted seeds of scientific method (Aristotle)
Cartesian Dulaism allowed scientists and the church to coexist
Raises questions about the non-human mind/body
Contributions to modern misunderstandings
Mind = eternal soul
Psychology = paranormal
Platos madness = body (desires) vs. soul
Mentally ill
Give into drives, spiritually weak, not strong critical thinkers
Weak minded
The Biological Mind
The brain
Origin of thought, emotion, perception, behavior
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
16/30
The mind
Biological causes of
Identity (personality)
Mental illness
1400 BC
Hindu physicians treating certain forms of _ with kindness and consideration
500 BC
Alcmaeon of Croton
Promoted naturalistic medicine
Helped rid medicine of superstition and magical thinking
Dissected humans
Sensations, perception, memory, thinking happens in our brain
Health = balance of warm/cold, moist/dry, bitter/sweet
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
Father of Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
Physical causes (not spiritual)
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
17/30
Inherited susceptibilities
Organic injuries
Imbalance of humors
Physical remedies (not magical cures)
Rest
Diet
Exercise
Bathes
Massage
Theory of Humors
If any humor was out of balance = Mental illness
Elements, Personality, and Theory of Humors
Fire => Blood
Confident, witty, courageous, optimistic, extraverted
Air =>Yellow Bile
Rash, violent, discontented, envious, extraverted
Water =>Phlegm
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
18/30
Dumb, nice, lazy, easy going, introverted
Earth => Black Bile
Depressed, frustrated, emotional, introverted
1700 and 1800s
Treatments based on physiology
Ice water Purgatives
Bloodletting and leeches Tumbling
Starvation
Erasmus Darwin believes that all disease was as a result of "disordered motion
Hydrotherapy
Restraints
Tumbling
Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
Bumps on head specific for character and personality
Localization of function
When the person with the stealing bump did not steal, other bumps for positivecharacteristics were over-riding
Used in the U.S.
By parents raising children
For hiring decisions
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
19/30
To choose partners
1800s
Investigations into sensory and motor systems and mental states
Brain damage cases
Surgery cases
Holistic brain with functional regions
Neuron theory
1793-1822 Dr. Phillippe Pinel runs hospitals for the insane
Clean, more and better food, cuts arbitrary doses of drugs
Provides work therapy and reading
Death rate drops dramatically
Uses autopsies to refute opinions that brain lesions are cause of insanity
Develops early system of classifying and diagnosing mental illness according tophysical symptoms
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Theory of natural selection (1859)
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
20/30
1940s
Hydrotherapy still in use
Canvas covered bathtub for 1 to 12 hours with continuously flowing water
Submerging the chair-bound person under water repeatedly
Alternating jets of hot and cold water
Enemas
Refrigeration therapy (U.S.)
WWII Nazi experiments
NEED FOR ETHICS IN TREATMENT
Contributions to modern psychology
Connected mental health to early scientists and their methods
Studied brain-thought-behavior connections
Divorced mental illness and identity from religion and superstition
Away with exorcism
Shifted focus to more humane treatments
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
21/30
Connected mental illness and identity to more observable biological factors
Rise of bilogical causes & treatments
Early classification of mental disorders based on observable symptoms
Focus on studying personality of normal people
Trait-Based theories of personality
Hippocrates
Gall
Theory of natural selection
Contributions to modern misunderstandings
Un-validated treatments for mental illness
Scary and unpleasant
View: mentally ill beyond help
Creates confusion between science and pseudoscience remedies
Reduced credibility of experts and scientists to
Understand brain-mind connections (Gall)
Offer helpful therapy
Equated early psychological research with Nazis and brain dissection
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
22/30
Unethical mad scientist stereotype
Studying Human Nature
Lecture Goals
Briefly describe different approaches to Psychology
Briefly discuss how these contributed to development of modern Psychology
Reading
Thinking About Modern Psychology
Ch. 3 Brief History of Psychology
Ch. 4 How Did Psychology Begin?
Early Models of Human Nature
Hobbes (1600s) Biological Instinct
Biological machinery drives lead to selfishness, violence
Must yield to authority and society
Lockes Blank Slate (1600s)
Response to Hobbes
Identity is learned
Environment is critical
Rousseaus Noble Savage (1700s)
Savages natural state
Selfless
Peaceful
Untroubled
Civilization brings greed, anxiety, violence
Descartes' Ghost in the Machine
Soul (mind) vs. body (brain)
Whos the Father?
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
23/30
Maybe Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)
Founder of psychophysics
Documented relationship between brain stimulation and subjectiveexperience of the mind
Legitimized objective measurement of mind/body relationship
1860 publishes Elements of Psychophysics
Birth date of Psychology?? 1860
Maybe Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Considered first psychologist
First Psychology lab-- 1879
Measured reaction times of sensory/perceptual processes
First Psychology textbook & journal in Psychology
Named journal Philosophical Studies
If so, Psychology born on 1879
Credited as Father of Psychology
The irony of a dysfunctional father
Humorless workaholic
MD, but didnt like interacting with people
Wife and family get 1 paragraph in autobiography
Father Knows Best??
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Should study consciousness by dissecting into components
Mental chronometry
Measure speed of thought
Measure time it takes people to react
Introspection
Ask people what they are thinking/feeling
Fights with Hugo Munsterburg
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
24/30
Munsterburg leaves without Wundt, becomes Father of I/O psychology
The Favored Son
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
Student of Wundt
Founded Structuralism
Goal = identify structures of mind/consciousness
Arm muscles, tendons, bones
Mind - ???
Used introspection ONLY
Ignores applied problems, children, animals, individual differences, higher
mental processes.
The American Approach
William James (1842-1910)
American Father of Psychology/Functionalism
Opposed introspection and Structuralism
Why we have a mind more important than dissecting it
Stream of Consciousness (mind cant be frozen in time)
Focused adaptive functions of behaviors
Darwin
Early foundation of cognitive psychology
Return of the Biological Instinct
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Altered understanding of Psychology
Drives vs. Social expectations
Importance of child development
Changed client/patient interaction
The Freud Problem
Freuds unconscious mind
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
25/30
Freuds unconscious mind
Desires & repressed memories
Dreams & Freudian slips
Behaviorism: Return of the Blank Slate
Reaction to Freud
Future not predetermined by past (childhood)
Behavior product of immediate environment
Need an obejctive approach to science and therapy
Cant observe mind, focus on observable behaviors
Concerns with Behaviorism
Total focus on environmental influence
Saw no value in genetics or brain!!
Humanism: Return of the Noble Savage
Innate drive to find meaning of own existence
Mental health depends on environmental support of quest for self-improvement
Match between real & ideal selves = more + self-concept
Indivisible self
Center of personality
Answer to question "Who am I
Sense of identity & personal worth
Organizer of thoughts, feelings, memories
Not about how you behave or therapists views of you
How you view yourself matters
Focus on conscious mind
Personal subjectivity should not be ignored
Person-centered therapy
therapist = sounding board
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
26/30
client = analyzer, solver
Gestaltists: The Active Ghost
Environmental influences are not just passive (Behaviorism)
The mind constructs reality
Focus on perception
Early cognitive psychology
Therapy should focus on
How person is constructing reality
Immediate experience
Inaccurate perceptions
Mind-Body connection
Mind is what the brain does (Ghost is the machine)
Objectivity and empiricism critical
Cognitive science
Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
Relationships between brain biology and
Thinking, motivation, emotion
Brain scans
Brain damage
The World of Modern Psychology
Lecture Goals
To explain how Psychology bridges the Humanities, Social sciences, and Natural
sciences
To explain what makes Psychology unique
Reading
Thinking About Modern Psychology
Ch. 15 Contemporary Developments in Psychology
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
27/30
Psychology & Humanities
Humanities
Focus on human thought and culture (from dictionary.com)
Philosophy
Languages
Arts (including Music)
Sometimes Religious Studies
Humanities and Psychology share themes of human experience
Examples
Free will and determinism
Mind and matter
Nature and nurture
Love and loss
Relationships and emotion
Personality (growth and disorder)
How do Humanities and Psychology differ?
Different goals and methods
Remember systems of truth?
Religion
Philosophy
Arts
Science Psychology uses scientific methods
Psychology also interested in
Brain processes
Non-humans
Psychology & Social Science
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
28/30
Social Science
Focus on societies and groups
Anthropology
Economics
Sociology
Political Science
Social Science and Psychology share an interest in group processes
Leadership - the role of the individual on group processes
Conformity - the effects of groups on individuals
Politics - the effects of groups on other groups
How are Social Science and Psychology different?
Psychology
Is also interested in brain processes and non-humans
Is interested in the individual too
Often uses controlled techniques to address causes
Psychology & Natural Science
Natural Sciences
Focus on natural world
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Natural Science and Psychology share
Experimental methods
Interest in biological and biochemical foundations of behavior and thought
Sensation and Perception, Biopsychology, Clinical psychology
Interested in humans and non-humans
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
29/30
How do Natural Science and Psychology differ?
Natural Science
input physical environment result
Need to know input and physical environment to predict result
Psychology
input physical env. mental environment result (behavior)
offensive joke classroom ?? ??
Mental Environment (mind)
knowledge personality skills
attitudes perception abilities
beliefs motivation goals
Psychology must find a way to measure abstract concepts
So, what makes Psychology unique?
Is it that Psychology = The scientific study of both behavior and mental processes?
Not by itself
Other disciplines also interested in behavior and mental processes
Religion, Philosophy, Education, HR, Criminology
Is it that Psychologists study the mindto help people
No- many other professions do this too
Physical therapy Occupational therapy
Police science Human resources
Speech therapy Philosophy
Pastoral work Social work
Education Nu rsing
Combination of 5 things
Psychology is the only discipline that
-
7/27/2019 Psych 105 1-4
30/30
1. Uses scientific techniques
2. Studies a full range of human and non-human behavior
3. Has research applications that are scientifically derived
4. Has research applications that are scientifically tested
5. Is interested in scientific analysis of thought and behavior at three levels
The brain
The whole person
The group/group processes