Download - Protozoan Groups
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Protozoan Groups
Not quite an animal but close enough
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Phyla
• Sarcomastigophora– Flagellate– Ameboid
• Ciliophora– ciliates
• Apicomplexa– sporozoans
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General Characteristics
• Unicellular• Mainly microscopic• No organs but have specialized organelles
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Habitat
• Found wherever life exists• Highly adaptable
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualistic– ++– Both partners benefit
• Commensalistic– +0– One partner benefits, no effect on the other
• Parasitic – +-– One partner benefits at the expense of the other
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Nucleus• Control center of the cell• Houses and protects DNA• Contains nucleolus• Surrounded by a nuclear envelope• Protozoans often contain more than one nucleus– Macronucleus– Micronucleus
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Cell Membrane
• Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)– Thin and flexible– Protects/ supports– Phospholipid bilayer– Transport proteins– Regulates flow (food, water, and waste)
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Cytoplasm
• Extends from nucleus to cell membrane• Jelly like• Helps support the organelles• Cytoskeleton– Microtubules – Micro fibers
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Cytoskeleton
• Microtubules and microfilaments • Provide structure– skeleton
• Important for mitosis and organelle movement– Train tracks
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Cytoplasm
• Ectoplasm– Cytoplasm which appears granular and contains
the nucleus and organelles– Gel state
• Endoplasm– Cytoplasm which appears transparent and bears
the base of cilia or flagella– Sol state
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Locomotion
• Cilia and flagella• Pseudopodia• Sliding microtubule hypothesis
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Cillia and Flagella
• Interchangeable terms• 9+2 structure– Axoneme– Kinetosome
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Md0PtdRxXvw
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QwXiYOBhZU
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Pseudopodia• Chief means of locomotion for amebas• Lobopodia– Large blunt extensions of the cell body containing both endo
and ectoplasm• Filopodia– Thin extensions, usually branching and contain only ectoplasm
• Recticulopodia– Repeatedly rejoin to form a netlike mesh
• Axopodia– Thin and supported by axial rods of microtubules
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Psuedopodia cont…
• Hyaline cap– Extension of the ectoplasm which starts the
psuedopodia
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
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Excretion and Osmoregulation
• Contractile vacuole– osmoregulation
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MPnXIvprb_w
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Nutrition
• Autotrophs• Heterotrophs– Phagotrophs or Holozoic• Ingests visible food particles
– Osmotrophs or Saprozoic • Ingests food in a soluble form• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh_yjLppNAg
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Asexual Reproduction
• Fission– Binary • Two identical individuals form
– Budding• Progeny is smaller than parent but grows to adult size
– Multiple fission• A number of individuals are produced• Schizogony
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ_4PIKsL6c
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Sexual reproduction
• Conjugation– Exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms
• Gametes– Isogametes– Ansiogametes
• Fertilization– Syngamy– Autogamy – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TwqBsRtciX8
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Survival
• Cysts– Tough dormant forms
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Protozoan Phyla
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Phyla RetortamonadaPhyla Axostylata
• Largely parasites• Lack both mitochondria and golgi bodies
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Giardia lamblia
• Giardiasis (giardia)• Soil, food or water contaminated with feces
from infected humans or animals.
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Phylum Chlorophyta
• Plant-like– Autotrophic– Contain chloroplasts
• Colonial forms• Sexual and a sexual reproduction
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Phylum Euglenozoa
• Stigma- eyespot• Photosynthetic
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Phyla Apicomplexa
• Endoparasites• No special means of locomotion– Toxoplasma gondii
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Plasmodium
• Malaria• Carried by Anopholese mosquito• Symptoms– Fever– Chills– Flu-like symptoms
• 2010– 219 cases– 660,000 deaths
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Phylum Ciliophora
• Most structurally diverse group• Have cillia • Macronucleus– Day to day activities– Metabolic and developmental functions
• Micronucleus– participate in sexual reproduction
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Phylum Dinoflagellata
• Dinoflagellates • Feeding– Photoautotrophic-green– Heterotrophic- clear
• “Red tide”
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Amebas
• No classification• 3 types– Rhizopodan– Foraminiferans– Actinopodans
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Rhizopodan amoebas
• Slow streams and ponds– Require Substratum
• Feeding– Phagocytosis
• Reproduction– Binary fission
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Entamoeba histolytica
• Parasite in humans• Lives in the large intestine• Amebic dysentery• Spread by contaminated food or water
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Foraminiferan Amoebas
• Ancient group• Shelled amoebas– Calcium carbonate
• Found in all oceans– Mostly the Atlantic Ocean
• Sand and ocean floor
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Actinopodans
• Move by axopodia• Shell – Silica (glass)