![Page 1: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
![Page 2: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The DNA Code
• It is a universal code.
• The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically joined together to form a polypeptide
![Page 4: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
From DNA to Protein
• Protein synthesis involves two types of nucleic acids:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
![Page 5: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RNA• RNA, like DNA, is a polymer formed by a
sequence of nucleotides
• Three Types of RNA:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
![Page 6: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Differences Between DNA and RNA
DNA RNAdouble-stranded single-stranded
sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribose
bases = A,T,C,G bases = A,U,C,G(uracil takes the place of thymine)
![Page 7: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
involves two processes:
1. Transcription: the copying of the genetic message (DNA) into a molecule of mRNA
2. Translation: mRNA is used to assemble an amino acid sequence into a polypeptide
![Page 9: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A sequence of 3 bases called a codon codes for one amino acid
![Page 10: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Transcription• occurs in the nucleus of the cell
• Steps in transcription
1)Initiation: DNA strand separates and serves as a template (pattern) for mRNA assembly. mRNA polymerase attaches to the template Strand of DNA.
![Page 12: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2) Elongation: RNA Polymerase attaches to the template strand of DNA. Free mRNA nucleotides match up to the exposed nucleotides on the DNA strand.
![Page 13: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3) Termination: mRNA strand separates from the DNA strand when a “stop codon” is reached and the entire gene has been transcribed.
4) the mRNA strand carries the code for the production of one polypeptide
![Page 14: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Translation• occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, at the
ribosome• Always begins with the mRNA codon AUG• 1) Initiation: mRNA moves out of the nucleus
and into the cytoplasm to a ribosome
![Page 15: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2) Elongation: mRNA is “read” by the ribosome as the anticodons of the tRNA molecules attach to their complementary condons on the mRNA molecules creating a chain of amino acids.
![Page 16: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3) Termination: • mRNA molecule moves across the ribosome• tRNA temporarily attaches to the mRNA strand.• The amino acids are joined by a peptide bond by
enzymes until a “stop” codon is reached
![Page 18: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
4. a polypeptide is produced
![Page 19: Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649ea25503460f94ba58ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Animations