Technical bulletin no. 10
PROTECTED FATS ENERGY VALUESTechincal Department Norel S.A. (Spain)
MAGNAPAC® is a calcium salt of free fatty acids. As a rumen protected fat, it is not dissociated until it reaches the abomasum, where low pH make fatty acids available
RANGE OF PRODUCTS: CHOOSING THE MOST SUITABLE FAT IN RUMINANT DIETS
MAGNAPAC®/BY-FAT®
INTRODUCTION
Early lactation cows naturally have limitations on dry matter intake and do not consume enough feed to meet the nutrient demands for milk production
It is important to manage the herd properly to maximize the energy intake and minimize the negative energy balance for a profitable dairy operation
In order to deal with this situation, the use of fat supplements is widespread, since they increase the energy density of the diet (fat contains 2.25 times the energy of carbohydrates, McDonald et al., 2010) without jeopardizing rumen’s health (unlike high energy diets based on carbohydrates)
However, unsaturated fats (either from vegetal or animal origin) depress fiber digestion (by physical coating of the feed particles) and are toxic to rumen bacteria. On the contrary, by-pass fats avoid these problems
MAGNAPAC® Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C14:0 1.5
C16:0 50
C18:0 6
C18:1 35
Digestibility is a key factor to take into account when choosing fat supplements, since it has great consequences on feed efficiency. In this regard, the table showed belo w summarizes a review of digestibility values for calcium salts. As it can be observed, the average digestibility under recommended inclusion levels -3% and lower- almost reaches 95%
Digestibility Inclusion (%) Reference
Calcium Salt
100 3 Schauff et al. 1992
92.5 1.7 Weiss et al. 2004
91.8 3 Schauff et al. 1992
87.5 3.4 Weiss et al. 2004
84 6 Schauff et al. 1992
83.5 5.6 Aldrich et al. 1997
100 3 Schauff et al. 1992
92.5 1.7 Weiss et al. 2004
91.8 3 Schauff et al. 1992
Average 85.78 %Average at level of
inclusion <3%94.77 %
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
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Technical bulletin no. 10
• Fat Content = 84%
• Gross Energy (GE) = 840 g/kg x 9.33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) = 7,837 Mcal/kg
• Digestibility Coefficient (DC) = 90% (as we obtained)
• Digestible Energy (DE) = ME = 7,837 x 0.9 = 7,053 Mcal/kg
• Moving towards ME, it is timely to remind that no energy is lost as methane or urine, so metabolizable energy is assumed to be equal to digestible energy when dealing with fats. Then, DE = ME
MAGNAPAC®: 100% free fatty acids Total digestibility = 90%
MAGNAPAC PLUS® is a calcium salt of free fatty acids which includes protected methionine, the first limiting amino acid for milk production. Protected methionine helps to avoid the protein dilution effect that is commonly observed when milk yield is increased
The digestibility coefficient for MAGNAPAC PLUS® is similar to that of MAGNAPAC®
coefficient
Digestibility calculation
Energy values in ruminants
Composition (%)Crude Fat 84
Calcium 9
Ashes 13.5Maximum moisture 3.5
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
The efficiency value to obtain NEl and NEm from ME is 82% and 78%, respectively (Vermorel et al., 1986). Therefore:
NEl = 5,783 Mcal/Kg = 24.17 MJ/KgNEm = 5,501 Mcal/Kg = 23 MJ/Kg
UFL = 3.34 UFL/kgUFC = 2.96 UFC/kg
MAGNAPAC PLUS®
MAGNAPAC PLUS®Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C14:0 1.5C16:0 50
C18:0 6C18:1 35C18:2 8
MAGNAPAC®: 100% free fatty acids Total digestibility = 90%
Methionine content does not affect fat’s digestibility
NOTE: In trials, a digestibility coefficient value of 94% was found. However, in order to both provide useful values for higher levels in inclusion and to include a safety margin for the calculations, 90% will be used
Digestibility calculation
90% was used instead of the abovementioned 94.77% in order to be be cautious and provide useful digestibility values even when the level of inclusion is higher than 3%
• NEl (Net Energy of lactation) = 7,053 Mcal/kg x 0.82 = 5,783 Mcal/kg
• NEm (Net Energy of meat) = 7,053 Mcal/kg x 0.78 = 5,501 Mcal/kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/kg)/ 1,730 (Kcal/UFL) = 3.34 UFL/kg
• UFM (kcal/kg) = NEm (kcal/kg)/ 1,855 (Kcal/UFM) = 2.96 UFC/kg
EFFECTS & RECOMMENDATIONS
These facts make MAGNAPAC® highly energetic (NEL) and one of the worldwide
most used products for dairy production. Magnapac have proven to improve major
reproductive indices and milk yield of high producing dairy cows during early
lactation. Moreover, fattening calves holdings also benefit from its use
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Technical bulletin no. 10
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
Energy values in ruminants
Composition (%)Crude Fat 78
Methionine 6
Calcium 9Ashes 12.5
Maximum moisture 3.5
• Fat Content = 78%
• GE (Gross energy) = 780 g/kg x 9.33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) + 6 g/kg x 5.65 Mcal/Kg (methionine value) = 7,616 Mcal/kg
• DC (Digestibility Coefficient) = 90% (as we obtained)
• DE (Digestible Energy) = 7,616 x 0.90 = 6,854 Mcal/kg
The efficiency value to obtain NEl from ME depends on fat and protein. Fat energy use coefficient is 82% and, protein energy use coefficient is 70%, therefore:
• NE (Net Energy) = ME x (78/84 x 0.82 + 6/84 x 0.70) = 6,801 x 0.81 = 5,515 Mcal/Kg
• NEm (Net Energy of meat) = NEm = 7,053 Mcal/Kg x 0.78 = 5,501 Mcal/Kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/Kg) /1,730 (Kcal/UFL) = 3.34 UFL/Kg
• UFM (kcal/kg) = NEm (kcal/Kg) /1,855 (Kcal/UFM) = 2.96 UFC/Kg
• ME (Metabolic Energy) = DE x 0.95 = 7,159 x 0.90 = 6,801 Mcal/Kg
MAGNAPAC PLUS® content in methionine (6%) makes it necessary to carry out some corrections when ME is calculated
NEl = 5,515 Mcal/kg = 23.1 MJ/kgNEm = 5,501 Mcal/kg = 23 MJ/kg
UFL = 3.19 UFL/kgUFC = 2.96 UFC/kg
HIDROPALM®
HIDROPALM® is composed of hydrogenated fatty acids (85 % free fatty acids, 15 % triglycerides). Both fatty acids chain length and their degree of saturation affect product’s melting point and then its digestibility. As its chain length decreases, so does its melting point. The higher the proportion of saturated fatty acids in a product, the higher will be its melting point, and the lower will be its digestibility
HIDROPALM®Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C14:0 1-2C16:0 45-50
C18:0 42-47C18:1 2-8C18:2 -
Digestibility for hydrogenated fatty acids
Digestibility Inclusion (%)
Reference
Hydrogenated fat
76 2.2 Wu et al. 1994
74.8 2.5 Wu et al. 1993
74 3 Chan et al. 1997
63 3.7 Grummer et al. 1988
69 4.4 Wu et al. 1994
67 4.7 Grummer et al. 1988
67 5 Harvatine et al. 2006
Average 85.78Average at level of inclusion
<3% 94.77
Digestibility average of hydrogenated fatty acid is 70%
EFFECTS & RECOMMENDATIONS MAGNAPAC PLUS® not only bring MAGNAPAC®’s benefits, but also improves body condition score and reproductive performance (Ben Salem & Bouraoui, 2.008)
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
HIDROPALM®: 85% free fatty acids, 15% triglycerides Total digestibility = 70%
Digestibility calculation
Energy values in ruminants
Composition (%)Crude Fat 99
Free fatty acids 85
Maximum moisture 1
Technical bulletin no. 10
• Fat Content = 99%
• GE (Gross Energy) = 990 g/kg x 9. 33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) = 9,236 Mcal/kg
• DC (Digestibility Coefficient) = 70% (as we obtained)
• DE (Digestible Energy) = ME = 9,236 x 0.7 = 6,465 Mcal/kg
• Both energies are equal, DE = ME, due to fats are not lost through neither urine nor methane
The efficiency value to obtain NEl and NEm from ME is 82% and 78%, respectively (Vermorel et al., 1986). So that:
• NEl (Net Energy of lactation) = 6,465 Mcal/kg x 0.82 = 5,301 Mcal/kg
• NEm (Net Energy of meat) = 6,465 Mcal/kg x 0.78 = 5,043 Mcal/kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/kg)/1,730 (Kcal/UFL) = 3.06 UFL/kg
• UFM (kcal/kg) = NEm (kcal/kg)/1,855 (Kcal/UFM) = 2.72 UFC/kg
NEl = 5,301 Mcal/Kg = 22.15 MJ/kgNEm = 5,043 Mcal/Kg = 21.06 MJ/kg
UFL = 3.06 UFL/kgUFC = 2.72 UFC/Kg
BETAPAC®
BETAPAC® is a calcium salt of hydrogenated fatty acids. BETAPAC’s fatty acid profile makes this fat specially appropriate for finishing ruminants due to its effect on carcass quality
BETAPAC®Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C16:0 50
C18:0 25C18:1 20C18:2 3
The digestibility coefficient of the different fatty acids depends on whether they are free fatty acids or triglycerides. In BETAPAC®, saturated fatty acids (75 %) prevail over unsaturated ones (25%)
BETAPAC®: 100% free fatty acids Total digestibility = 90%
Digestibility calculation
Energy values in ruminants
• Fat Content = 84%
• GE (Gross Energy) = 840 g/kg x 9.33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) = 7,837 Mcal/kg
• DC (Digestibility Coefficient) = 90% (as we obtained)
• DE (Digestible Energy) = ME = 7,837 x 0.9 = 7,053 Mcal/kg
Composition (%)Crude Fat 84
Calcium 9
Ashes 13.5Maximum moisture 3.5
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EFFECTS & RECOMMENDATIONS
The low presence of unsaturated fatty acids provides with more solid carcass fat, which valued by nutritionist and
slaughterhouse in beef production, and has been proven to maintain the organoleptic characteristics of the meat
(Partida et al., 2007)
Technical bulletin no. 10
The efficiency value to obtain NEl and NEm from ME is 82% and 78%, respectively (Vermorel et al., 1986). Therefore:
• NEl (Net Energy of lactation) = 7,053 Mcal/kg x 0.82 = 5,783 Mcal/kg
• NEm (Net Energy of meat) = 7,053 Mcal/kg x 0.78 = 5,501 Mcal/kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/kg) /1,730 (Kcal/UFL) = 3.32 UFL/kg
• UFM (kcal/kg) = NEm (kcal/kg) /1,855 (Kcal/UFM) = 2.96 UFC/kg
NEl = 7,053 Mcal/Kg = 22.15 MJ/kgNEm = 5,043 Mcal/Kg = 21.06 MJ/kg
UFL = 3.32 UFL/kgUFC = 2.96 UFC/kg
BLANCAFAT P®
BLANCAFAT P® is a group of fats supplements with different concentrations of palmitic acid
BLANCAFAT P®Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C16:0 95
Average of digestibility of hydrogenated fatty acid is 70%
Energy values in ruminants
• Fat Content = 99%
• Gross Energy (GE) = 990 g/kg x 9. 33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) = 9,236 Mcal/kg
• Digestibility Coefficient (DC) = 70% (as we obtained)
• Digestible Energy (DE) = ME = 9,236 x 0.7 = 6,465 Mcal/kg
Composition (%)Crude Fat 99
Free fatty acids 95
Maximum moisture 1
The efficiency value to obtain NEl and NEm from ME are 82% and 78%, respectively (Vermorel et al., 1986). So that:
• NEl (Net Energy of lactation) = 6,465 Mcal/kg x 0.82 = 5,301 Mcal/kg
• NEm (Net Energy of meat) = 6,465 Mcal/kg x 0.78 = 5,043 Mcal/kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/kg) /1,730 (kcal/UFL) = 3.06 UFL/kg
• UFM (kcal/kg) = NEm (kcal/kg) /1,855 (kcal/UFM) = 2.72 UFC/kg
NEl = 5,301 Mcal/kg = 22.15 MJ/kgNEm = 5,043 Mcal/kg = 21.06 MJ/kg
UFL = 3.06 UFL/kgUFC = 2.72 UFC/kg
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
NEEDS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Its characteristics make it suitable for boh milk and meat production, showing good results on both carcass quality and meat’s sensory characteristics (Partida et al., 2007)
NEEDS & RECOMMENDATIONS The top one for milk fat %. Increase your milk quality and its added value
• As no energy is lost as methane or in urine, metabolizable energy is assumed to be equal to digestible energy when dealing with fats. Then, DE = ME
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
Technical bulletin no. 10
BETAPAC®Fatty Acid Profile (%)
C14:0 1-2
C16:0 50C18:0 30
There are few papers about the digestibility on this kind of fats. Weiss et al. (2004) published two different studies addressing the digestibility (among other aspects) of triglycerides rich in palmitic acid. As showed in the next table, different digestibility values have been published (some of them even below 40%, not showed here)
Fat source Dig. Inclusion (%) Reference
Hydrogenated fat
76 2.2 Wu et al. 1994
74.8 2.5 Wu et al. 1993
74 3 Chan et al. 1997
63 3.7 Grummer et al. 1988
69 4.4 Wu et al. 1994
67 4.7 Grummer et al. 1988
67 5 Harvatine et al. 2006
Average 85.78Average at level inclusion of
<3%94.77
Energy values in ruminants
• Fat Content = 99%. It is assumed that a triglyceride contents 90% of fat and 10% of glycerol (5,440 Mcal/Kg)
• GE (Gross Energy) = 0.99 x 900 g/kg x 9.33 Mcal/kg (vegetable fat value) + 100g/kg X 5,440 Mcal/kg (glycerol value) = 8,852 Mcal/kg
• DC (Digestibility Coefficient) = 56% (as we obtained)
• DE (Digestible Energy) = ME = 8,852 x 0.56 = 4,957 Mcal/kg
Composition (%)Crude Fat 99
Free fatty acids 0
Triglycerides 100Maximum moisture 1
The efficiency value to obtain NEl and NEm from ME is 82%(Vermorel et al., 1986). Thus:
• NEl (Net Energy of lactation) = 4,957 Mcal/kg x 0.82 = 4,065 Mcal/kg
• UFL (kcal/kg) = NEl (kcal/kg)/1,730 (kcal/UFL) = 2.35 UFL/kg
NEl = 4,957 Mcal/kg = 22.15 MJ/kgUFL = 2.35UFL/kg
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NEEDS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Its saturated profile ensures the availability of its fatty
acids at the intestinal level, ready to be digested.
Moreover, its content on the palmitic acid positively
affect milk fat %
BLANCAFAT®
BLANCAFAT® is a rumen protected fat made of triglycerides. When it reaches the abomasum, it is dissociated into glycerol and fatty acids. It has been shown that glicerol increases micelle formation and then rises lipids digestibility
Technical bulletin no. 10
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]
SUM
MA
RY
MA
GN
APA
C®M
AG
NA
PAC
PLU
S®BE
TAPA
C®H
IDRO
PALM
®BL
AN
CAFA
T P®
BLA
NCA
FAT®
Cru
de fa
t (%
)84
7884
9999
99
Gro
ss E
nerg
y (k
cal/
Kg)
7,83
77,
616
7,83
79,
236
9,23
68,
852
Dig
estil
ity0.
90.
90.
90.
70.
70.
56
DE
= G
E x
CD
(kca
l/Kg
)7,
053
6,85
47,
053
6,46
56,
465
4,95
7
NEL
= D
E x
0.82
kca
l/kg
5,78
45,
621
5,78
45,
301
5,30
14,
065
NEL
(MJ)
24.2
23.5
24.2
22.2
22.2
17.0
UFL
(MJ)
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.1
2.3
7
© Norel, S.A. All rights reserved. CIF: A-28617801 · C/Jesús Aprendiz, 19 1º A y B, 28007 Madrid · SPAIN +34 915 014 041 · www.norel.net · [email protected]