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A
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
Project Student Management
AT
APTECH COMPUTER CENTRE, Abohar
Submitted for the partial fulfillment for the award of Diploma
of Engineering (Electronics & Communication)
Submitted to: Submitted by:
Mrs. RANJIT KAUR Mani shankar
Coordinator 2nd Year (3rd Semester)
electronics & communication
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, LONGOWAL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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This Training has been done with tedious efforts and consistent
dedication. I hope this training will be appreciated. Now it time to
thank all the people who helped me directly or indirectly to
achieve my goal. The people who always keep on guiding me likesign boards and did never expect anything from me. But after the
completion of this project, I would like to pay my sincere thanks
to all who apparently or non-apparently helped me in developing
this project and surely deserve it.
No work can be perfect without the ample guidance. I
would like to express my deep gratitude and heartiest thanks to
our Director Dr.(Mrs) S.K.Panday and the Training and
Placement Officer who infused us with the spirit to work upon
challenging field, which has its inception such a time when there
is a need for new orientation.
I'm thankful to the CENTER MANAGER of APTECH
Computer Mr. Baljinder Phutela for showing trust in me and
providing me chance to work in his company. Also I'm thankful to
the Mr. Kamal Suresh (Technical Instructor) who helped
me, guided me and provided me various valuable suggestions
which will be always helpful for me.
MANI SHANKAR
II Year DIPLOMA (III Semester)
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION
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PREFACE
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Practical training is an important part of the engineering. During
practical training, we learn how work is actually done, in the real
sense. Beside this we also learn code of conduct as well as how
to behave in the working environment. After getting training weget accustom to the working environment. These things are
important part and we learn to apply them in our professional
life.
In today information computer are being used in every
occupation. They are being used by the people of all age and
profession in there work, As well as in there leisure. This new
social revolution has change the basic concept of computing.
Computing, in todays information age is no more limited to
computer programmers and computer engineer it has become
and activity of common man. so one should know how to
program a computer.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION 1
STEPS IN RUNNING A C++ PROGRAM 3
DISADVANTAGES 4
CONSTANT,VARIABLES AND DATA TYPES 5
OPERATORS ANDEXPRESSIONS 8
DATA I/P AND O/P 10
CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS 11
FUNCTIONS 16
ARRAY 19
STRUCTURE 20
UNION 20
OOPS 21
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOOPS 24
CONSTRUCTORS AND DESTRUCTORS 25
FRIEND FUNCTIONS 26
OPERATOR OVERLOADING 26
INHERITANCE 28
FILE HANDLING 35
APPLICATIONS 39
COADING OF PROJECT 40
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Introduction to programming languages(C++)
A program is a set of instructions which tells a computer about
which data to be input and which to output.
Many different languages are used to program a computer. The
most basic of these languages is machine language, which is a
collection of instructions that controls the computers internal
circuitry. However, very few computer programs are actually
written in machine language for two reasons:
1. Machine language is very difficult to work with.
2. Most computers have their own unique instruction sets so a
machine language program written for one type of computer
cannot be run on another type of computer without being
changed.
Usually a computer program is written in a high-level language for
two reasons:
1. Instructions of high-level language matches with human
languages.
2. The same general programming rules apply to all computers so
a program written in a high-level language can generally be run
on many different with a little or no alteration.
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A program written in high-level language must, however, be
translated into machine language before it can be executed. The
original high-level language program is called the source program
and the resulting machine-language program is called object
program, while the process of translation is known as compilation
or interpretation depending on how it is carried out.
1. Compilers translate the entire program into machine language
before executing any of the instructions.
2. Interpreters proceed through a program by translating and then
executing single instructions.
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Steps in running a c/c++ program
Executing a program involves following steps:
1. Creating the program:-
The first step includes simply typing in the program in any text
editor like edit, notepad or VI editor. The program file must
however be saved with the extension .c. Thus a C program file is
always saved as filename.c.
2. Compiling the program:-
It involves translating the source code to the object code. This step
is implemented differently in different operating steps.
3. Linking the program:-
It is the process of putting together other program files and
functions that are required by the program.
e.g. sqrt() function, the object code of this function should be
brought from the math library and linked to the main() program.
To compile the program welcome.cpp in MSDOS, we must type
MSC welcome.cpp.
On doing so, the object code is stored in a file named welcome.obj.
The linking is done by command
LINK welcome.obj
Which generates the executable code in a file named welcome.exe.
Finally to execute the program welcome.c, we have to simply type
the following at the command prompt. Welcome
Advantages of C/C++:
1. Machine independence: There codes can be compiled on
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different machines and they produce the same output when
executed.
2. Economy of expression: They are compact and coherent
programming languages. The codes are very powerful so that a
small length of codes can perform complex tasks.
3. Data structures: There are several ways to store data on C/C+
+, which allows easy access of data.
4. Operator richness: They support a wide range of operators to
handle arithmetic and logical calculations.
Disadvantages of C/C++:
1. Difficult to debug: They give a lot of freedom to the developer,
but it is a bit difficult for any new user to find out where is the
error in the program.
2. Loosely syntaxed: They allow a lot of freedom in coding. We
can give end of statement symbols (;), blank lines, white spaces
anywhere we want in the program. There is no fixed place to
start or end a line. This can give rise to codes that are difficult to
understand by reading.
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Constants, Variables and Data types
C++ character set
Following are the valid alphabets, numbers and special symbols
allowed in c:
Alphabets A, B, C, Y, Z
a, b, c., y, z
Digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Special symbols ~! @ # % ^ & * ( ) _ - +
| \ { } [ ] : ; < > , . ? / =
C++ keywords
The words whose meaning has already been explained to the c
compiler are called keywords.
There are 32 keywords in C.C++ has all these but some extra also.
They appear in white color on programming screen.
Few important keywords are:
Auto, double, int, float, struct, class etc.
Data types
The important data types used in C++ are:
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Char:
It holds individual characters and occupies 1 byte.
Int:
It requires 2 bytes and range of storage is -32767 to +32768, it
stores only the whole integer numbers.
Float:
It can hold decimal numbers also; it takes 4 bytes.It can give up to
6 digits after decimal.
Double:
It also stores the decimal values but it can give up to 15 digits after
decimal. It requires 8 bytes.
We can also add some modifiers in front of these data types so that
we can alter their range according to our need. Important modifiers
are short, long, signed, unsigned.
Constants
Like identifiers or variables we can have constants of the type int,
float, and char.Integer constants:
They are simply the integer valued numbers. They are sequence of
digits taken between 0 and 9. Zero cannot be the starting digit.
They have a positive or a negative sign in their front. They can be
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represented as decimal, octal and hexadecimal.
Floating point constant:
A floating point constant is a decimal number that contains either
decimal or an exponent form. It is a sequence of digits having a
decimal in between. It can also have a positive or a negative sign in
front. Its general exponential form is: mantissa E exponent.
Character constant:
It is simply a single character. It is always defined inside single
quotation (a). We can also write 4 but it is different from 4
because in this case 4 is represented by its ASCII(American
standard code for information interchange) value which is different
for every character being used in c.
String constant:
A string is simply a sequence of characters. It is represented by
putting double quotation (welcome). The compiler puts a null
(\0) character at the end of every string.
Symbolic constants (macros):
If we have to use a value 3.142 (value of constant pi) many times
then it will be very time consuming to write and also understanding
about for what purpose the value is written, for this we can use
macros and define them in the beginning of the program.e.g. we can write #define pi 3.142
Now we can directly write pi at all places where we have written
3.142. In this way we can improve readability of the code and also
easy maintenance of the code.
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Declaration of variables:
Syntax: data-type var1, var2, var3 varn;
Where data-type tells the compiler about whether it is a character,
integer, or a decimal number. e.g. int n; float interest; char x;
Operators and Expressions
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform certain
mathematical and logical operations. The data items that operators
act upon are called as operands. The operators which need one
operand at a time are called unary operators whereas those using
two operands are called binary operators.
C operators can be classified as:
1. Arithmetic operators.
2. Relational operators.
3. Logical operators.
4. Assignment operators.
5. Conditional operators.
6. Special operators.
C++ has all these operators but also some extra operators. These
are:1. Stream input/output operators()
2. scope Resolution operators(::)
3. line feed operators(endl)
4. field width operators(setw)
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5. memory allocation operators(new)
6. memory deallocation operators(delete)
The chart below shows the operators with the order of precedence:
Operators name Operators
1. Unary operator - ++ -- !
2. Arithmetic multiply * / %
divide, modulus
3. Arithmetic add, + -
Subtract
4. Relational operator >=
5. Equality operators == !=
6. Logical and &&
7. Logical OR ||
8. Conditional operator ?:
9. Assignment operator = += -= *= /= %=
Special operators are sizeofoperator, pointer operators (& and *)
and member selection operators (. and ->).
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Data input and output
While writing the program we need input/output functions cout or
cin, for calling these functions we have to include some header files
like stdio.h and iostream.h which are given in two ways:
#include this tells the preprocessor to search for a file
named stdio.h and places it in the program. tells to look in the
include directory for the file stdio.h. Whereas stdio.h tells the
preprocessor to look in the current directory.
Character input and output:
Getchar(): It is the most basic way of reading a character
variable=getchar()
By writing this we can enter any amount of characters that we want
but only the first character typed will be stored. The similar
functions to this are getch() and getche().
Putchar (): It is a complementary function to getchar as it is used
to display a single character putchar(variable).
Formatted input and output:
The two functions getchar and putchar are unformatted I/O
functions whereas cout and cin are the formatted I/O functions.
The difference between two categories is that the formatted
functions allow us to input by using keyboard and get output on the
screen according to our requirements.
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Control flow statements in C++
These statements help in decision making and repetition of various
instructions.
1. if statement: it is the general decision making statement.
Syntax: if(expression)
program statement;
The expression is evaluated if it is TRUE (i.e. non-zero value)
otherwise the compiler will skip the statement.
e.g. if (5>3)
cout
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Syntax: if(expression)
{
if(expression)
statement;
else
statement;
}
else
{
if(expression)
statement;
}
The above used nested statements can be used as a regular trend
which is named as else-if statement block.
Syntax: if(expression 1)
statement1;
else if(expression 2)
statement2;
else if(expression 3)
statement3;
..
.else
statementn;
2. While statement: the while statement is used for repetition. The
working of while statement is as follows:
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The expression is evaluated first. If it evaluates to true then the
statements are executed and the increments occur and the
expression is evaluated again. This cycle continues until the
expression evaluates to false.
Syntax: while(expression)
{
statement;
increment/decrement;
}
e.g. #include
void main()
{
int i= 0;
while(i
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Statement block;
The three parts inside loop can be omitted singly.
The init expression tells about the initialization of the variable.
Second statement tells the condition which has to be true for the
loop to work.
Third statement tells about the increment or decrement of the
variable.
e.g. #include
void main()
{
int i, sum;
sum=0;
for(i=0; i
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The difference between while and do-while is that the do-while
loop works once even if the condition becomes false in the
beginning.
e.g. #include
void main()
{
int i= 1, sum;
Sum=0;
do
sum = sum + i;
while (i
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default: statement;
}
The expression inside the switch statement tells the compiler
which case first to be evaluated. When the compiler reaches the
mentioned case it evaluates the instructions but doesnt stop
after that, it also evaluates the coming statements also, therefore
to remove this we use breakstatement at the end of each case
which automatically brings the compiler out of the case after
compiling it.
6. break: It allows us to exit from the while loop or the for loop.
As soon as the break statement comes the compiler comes out of
the loop.
7. continue: It allows us to continue the execution of the loop from
the beginning and leaving all the statements following it i.e. as
soon as the continue statement is encountered the loop goes to
its starting point.
Functions
A function is a set of instructions which perform a particular task.
In c language it can be a combination of set of different small
functions which perform different task. There are two types of
functions:
1. Library functions.
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2. User defined functions.
Library functions are those functions which are already defined
for the compiler. e.g. printf(), scanf() functions are already defined
in the C library in stdio.h header file.
User defined functions are those which are created by a
programmer for a particular task. The steps involved in creating and
using a user defined function are as following:
1. Declaring a function prototype.
2. Defining the function.
3. Calling the function.
e.g. #include
welcome()
{
cout
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the function welcome() it automatically goes out of main() and
firstly execute welcome() then the further statements of main().
Passing arguments to a function
It can be done by two processes:
1. Call by value process.
2. Call by reference process.
When we pass the value of the variables as such to a function the
process is known as call by value. e.g.
Recursive functions
A function that calls itself is known as the recursive function. This
concept can be used as a replacement of looping. e.g.
#include
main()
{
int num;
coutnum;
factorial= fact (num);
cout
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if(n== 1)
return (1);
else
return (n* factorial (n-1));
}
The above program regularly calls the function and returns the
value of factorial.
Arrays
It is a collection of the variables that have same name and data
type.
General definition of single dimensional array:
Storage-class data-type array[expression]
e.g. int x [100]; char name[30];
Different elements of array can be represented as x[0], x[1], x[2],
x[3], x[n].
Initialization of an array:
Storage-class data-type array[expression]= {value1, value2
valuen}
It is our choice to give the array size during initializing, because a
blank already sets the space for the entered values.
e.g. int y[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
char y[]= COMPUTER;
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Structures
A structure is a collection of one or more variables of different type
grouped together having a single name.
General format:
struct tag-name
{
data-type member1;
data-type member2;
..
data-type member n;
} variable1, variable2 variable n;
Accessing structure elements:
The structure variable can be accessed by using dot (.) operator or
arrow (->) operator.
We write variable.member to access the variable using dot (.)
operator, for using arrow operator we use the pointers.
The dot operator is also known as member operator. It has the
highest precedence over all the unary and binary operators.
Unions
Unions is just same as the structure definition, this is also used to
group together same variables.
The difference between structure and union is that in union all the
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variables are given same memory location whereas in structure
each variable is given separate memory, therefore the union is used
to save the wastage of memory.
storage-class union tag-name
{
data-type member1;
data-type member2;
.
data-type membern;
} variable1, variable2 variablen;
OOPS
Both the programming languages c & c++ are related to each other.
In real sense we can directly say that c++ language is extension
(increment) of c language by observing the ++ operator which
tells the incrementation by one in c language.
All the above written topics are used in nearly the same way as in C
language.
C++ contains the new concept of OOPS (object oriented
programming), rest of the conceptual portion of c++ is same as that
of c language. The small difference between them is of keywords
e.g. c++ uses cout and cin as their input and output functions
whereas c uses printf and scanf on the same place.
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OOPS concept
Object oriented programming is a conceptual approach. Its main
features are:
1. Data abstraction.
2. Data hiding and encapsulation.
3. Polymorphism.
4. Inheritance.
The most important feature of C++ is the data abstraction called
Class.
A class description consists of two parts:
(a) class definition of the components (data members and member
functions).
(b) class implementation or definition of member functions.
e.g. class person
{
private:
char name[20];
int age;
double height;
public:
void getdata(void);
void setdata(char *string, int a, double h);
void showdata(void);
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};
The data members and member functions are defined in three types
of accessibility options.
1. private: The private data members and member functions are
accessible only within the class description. They are hidden
from rest of program, therefore it comes under the concept of
data hiding.
2. public: Those which can be used outside of the class definition.
They act as a route between private members and rest of the
program.
3. protected: It is helpful in inheritance, any member declared as
protected is accessible by the member function within its class
and any immediately derived class, cannot be accessed by
outside function of these two classes.
Classes and objects
A class description like a structure description will not reserve
space in memory. When actual data objects are created they reserve
the pace for individual data members.
Person p1, p2;
name name.age.. age
height.. height
p1 p2
The member functions can be accessed as:
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p1.getdata();
p2.setdata();
p3.showdata();
The setdata(), getdata(), and the showdata(), functions of class
person are unique copy for different objects.
We can separate the program in two segments one containing the
class with the description of data members and member functions,
and the second part containing the main() function.
The first part is stored as file.h and will be directly used in the
second segment as #includefile.h.
Characteristics of OOPS:
1. In oop data and a function that update on that data are combined
into a single unit known as object.
2. A class is description of a number of similar objects.
3. Inheritance, each sub-class share common characteristics with
the class from which it is derived.
4. Reusability: A particular class is created and distributed to
other programmer for use in their other programs.
5. Polymorphism: One thing with several forms known as
overloading. The processes are known as operator overloading
and function overloading.
Operator overloading: e.g. a + operator can be made useful toadd two different strings.
Function overloading: The function with same name but with
different parameters.
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Add(int a, int b);
Add(int a, float b);
6. Data encapsulation: it includes the concept of building data and
function together.
7. Data hiding: protecting data from access by unauthorized
function.
8. Data abstraction: it is the concept of simplifying the real world
concept into its essential elements representing essential features
without including background details.
Constructors
We define the values to the variables of functions by creating a new
function, to reduce this problem and to initialize the variable at the
time of calling of function in main() we use the concept of
constructors.
Constructors have the same name as that of class name.
Two ways to initialize a constructor inside main():
1. person p= person(ram,40,5.7);
2. person p(ram,40,5.7);
Each and every time a function is called the constructor will be
automatically be called, therefore to reduce this effect and made use
of the constructor required number of time we use default
constructors. It is a blank function.
Destructor function
When an object is created it calls the constructor function.
whenever a program exits all its objects are expired, during this
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process the program calls a function called destructor function.
The destructor function helps undo the work of the constructor. i.e.
if constructor uses new operator then the destructor uses delete
operator.
The destructor has the same name as that of class followed by a
tilde(~) sign. It doesnot have any return type. e.g. ~person(void).
Friends and operator overloading(POLYMORPHISM)
A friend function is a member function that are useful in accessing
the private data members. To invoke a friend function objects are
not required. Objects are passed as arguments to the friend
function.
Operator overloading
C++ provides a rich collection of various operators, it enables an
operator to exhibit more than one operation, e.g. a simple addition
operator(+) can be used to add two numbers can be made to add
two strings.
Rules of overloading:
1. . .* :: ?: sizeof # = () [] -> are the operators that cannot beoverloaded.
2. operators already predefined in c++ compiler can be only
overloaded.
3. operator cannot change operator templates e.g. the increment
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operator is used only as unary operators, it cannot be used as a
binary operator.
4. overloading an operator doesnot change its basic meaning e.g.
the + operator cannot be overloaded to subtract two objects.
Function overloading
Same function name can be used for different purposes.
Class a
{
Public:
Void add()
{
couta>>b;
c=a+b;
cout
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{
clrscr();
a z;
z.add();
z.add(8.4);}
Inheritance
The formation of derived classes out of the base class and using the
visibility options according to our requirement is known as
inheritance.
The definition of derived class is given by:
Class derive
d::public/private/protected base
{
public:
void display(void);
};
The way in which a derived class is being called decide how the
variables get the accessibility. To know the accessibility we use the
chart below:
Base
class
visibility
Public
derivation
Private
derivation
Protected
derivation
Private Not
inherited
Not
inherited
Not
inherited
Protected Protected Private Protected
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Public Public Private Protected
Types of inheritance:
1. Single inheritance: it includes forming of a derived class from
one single class.
Class father
{
private:int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
class mother: public father
{
private:
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
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2. Multilevel inheritance: The mechanism of deriving a class
from another derived class.
Class father
{
private:
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
class mother: public father
{
private:
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};class daughter:public mother
{
private:
int std;
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char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
3. Multiple inheritance: when a derived class is made by using
two or more base classes.
Class father
{
private:
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
class mother
{
private:
int age;char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
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};
class daughter:public father,public mother
{
private:
int std;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
4. Hierarchical inheritance: if one class may be inherited by more
than one class.
Class father
{
private:
int age;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();};
class daughter:public father
{
private:
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int std;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
class son:public father
{
private:
int rollno;
char name[20];
public:
void get();
void show();
};
5. Hybrid inheritance: it is the mixture of multiple and
hierarchical.
Class student
{
private:
int rollno;public:
void get();
void show();
};
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class test:public student
{
protected:
float part1, part2;
public:
void getm();
void showm();
};
class sports
{
protected:
float score;
public:
void gets();
void shows();
};
class result:public test, public sports
{
float total;
public:
void display();};
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File handling in C++
Header files
ifstream, ofstream, and fstream classes are declared in the fstream.h
file. This file also includes the iostream.h header file.
String input/output
Write:
#include
void main()
{
ofstream outfile(test.txt);
outfile
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infile.getline(buffer, max);
cout
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}
}
Object input and output:
Write:
#include
class person
{
private:
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void getdata();
{
coutname;
coutage;
}
};
void main()
{person p;
p.getdata();
ofstream outfile(person.dat);
outfile.write(char *)&p,sizeof(p));
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}
Read:
#include
class person
{
private:
char name[20];
int age;
public:
void showdata()
{
cout
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Applications of C/C++:
General applications.
Database systems.
Spread sheets.
Graphic packages.
Word processors.
Office automation.
Scientific/engineering applications.
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/************************************************************/
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
class personal
{
char nm[20],fnm[20],cl[10],add[40],city[15],state[15],phc[10];
int age,dd,mm,yy;
float phn,zpcode;
public:
int rn;
void get(void);
void put(void);
};
/************************************************************/
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/************************************************************/
class marks
{
char sb[10][10],gd,ans;
int m[10],mm[10],ts,tmm,tmo;float av,per;
public:
int rn1;
void get1(void);
void put1(void);
void cal(int mm[],int ts,int m[]);
};
/************************************************************/
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/************************************************************/
void personal::get(void)
{
cout
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cin>>state;
gotoxy(22,13);
cin>>zpcode;
gotoxy(22,14);
cin>>phc;
gotoxy(22,15);
cin>>phn;
}
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void personal :: put (void)
{
cout
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/************************************************************/
void marks::get1(void)
{
coutrn1;
comp(rn1);
ans='y';
ts=0;
for(int i=0;ans=='y';i++)
{
ts++;cout
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/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void marks::cal(int mm[],int ts,int m[])
{
tmm=0;
tmo=0;
for(int j=0;j
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/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void marks::put1(void)
{
cout
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/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
personal per;
marks mak;
ofstream f1;
ifstream f2;
fstream f;
/***********************************************************/
/***********************************************************/
void main()
{
xyz:
clrscr();
cout
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switch(e)
{
case 1:
{
char rep='y';
while(rep=='y')
{
clrscr();
add();
cout>rep;
}
goto abc;
}
case 2:
{
clrscr();
mod();
goto abc;
}
case 3:
{ clrscr();
del();
goto abc;
}
case 4:
{
clrscr();
search();
goto abc;
}case 5:
{
clrscr();
list();
goto abc;
}
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case 6:
{
clrscr();
goto xyz;
}
default:
{
clrscr();
goto abc;
}
};
}
case 2:
{ pqr:
clrscr();
cout
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del1();
goto pqr;
}
case 4:
{
clrscr();
search1();
goto pqr;
}
case 5:
{ clrscr();
list1();
goto pqr;
}
case 6:
{
clrscr();
goto xyz;
}
default:{
clrscr();
goto pqr;
}
};
}
case 3:
{
exit(0);
}default:
{
clrscr();
goto xyz;
}
};
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}
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void add (void)
{
cout
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f.seekg(-sizeof(per),ios::cur);
f.write((char *)&per,sizeof(per));
k=1;
break;
}
}
if(k==0)
cout
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}
}
if(k==0)
cout
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rename("new.txt","mi.txt");
coutans;
f.close();
}
}
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void list (void){
f2.open("mi.txt");
cout
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cout
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}
}
/************************************************************/
/************************************************************/
void search1(void)
{
int c,k;
f2.open("mi.txt");
char ans='y';
while(ans=='y')
{
coutc;clrscr();
cout
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/************************************************************/
void del1 (void)
{
int c;
f1.open("new.txt");
f2.open("mi.txt");
char ans='y';
while(ans=='y')
{
cout
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/************************************************************/
void list1 (void)
{
f2.open("mi.txt");
cout
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/************************************************************/
void comp(int rn1)
{
f2.open("mi.txt");
char d;int t=0;
while(f2.read((char *)&per,sizeof(per)))
{
if(per.rn==rn1)
{
t=1;
break;}
}
if(t==0)
{
cout>d;
if(d=='y')
{
clrscr();add();
}
}
}
/************************************************************/