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Progressivism and War
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Woodrow Wilson
Background:
PhD in Political Science
Professor at Princeton, later president
Governor of New Jersey, 1910 -1912; nominated for president to remove him from NJ
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1912 ElectionCandidates:
Taft Wilson TR Debs
Main issue: progressive reforms and “dollar diplomacy”
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1912 ElectionTR and the Progressive PartyTR wants to run again,
denied by Republicans; forms 3rd party
Nicknamed the “Bull Moose Party”
Platform called the “New Nationalism
Called for further reforms than when president and involvement in world affairs
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1912 ElectionEvents:
TR shot during campaign, continued anyway
Vote divided between four candidates, Wilson wins Electoral College
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The Wilson AdministrationThe “Triple Wall of Privilege”
the tariff: pledged to lower it, eventually lowered through the Underwood Tariff; also enacted the income tax (16th Amendment)
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The Wilson AdministrationThe “Triple Wall of Privilege:
the banks: after death of Morgan in 1913, the Federal Reserve was created; regulated $$ supply and interest rates
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The Wilson AdministrationThe “Triple Wall of Privilege:
the trusts: similar opinion as Taft, saw trusts as bad for the economy; created the Federal Trade Commission which regulates business
Also limits on child labor
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The Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Also passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act which strengthened the govt. in dealing with trustsAlso allowed for unions to be recognized and to “bargain collectively” for first time; called by Gompers as the “Magna Carta” of Labor
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Limits of ProgressivismRace relations left out of reforms; black
Americans see little progress during the era
Why?
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Wilson’s Foreign PolicyCampaigned against Dollar Diplomacy; called
for “moral diplomacy”; pulled troops out of Haiti and Dominican Republic
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Problems With MexicoMexican Revolution: 1910 – 1919
MX controlled by dictator Porfirio Diaz, revolt led by Emilio Zapata and Francisco Madero
Revolt succeeds and Madero new pres. of MX
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Problems With MexicoMadero overthrown and executed
by Valeriano Huerta in 1913
Wilson refuses to recognize new leader of MX, begins to secretly support rival Venustiano Carranza
Huerta began to threaten American assets and people
Huerta
Carranza
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US in Mexico
Wilson vs. Huerta; Huerta supported by business interests but not by US government
Sent navy to patrol Mexican coast to “protect” US citizens
April, 1914: nine sailors captured entering “restricted zone” in Tampico, MX
Wilson sends bombs Vera Cruz in May, starting anti-American riots
Huerta threatens American interests in MX
US in Mexico
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US in MexicoWar with Mexico close;
both armies prepare
US navy blockades Mexican ports
Latin American countries move to intercede between US and MX
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The “ABC” Powers The “ABC” Powers (Argentina, Brazil, and
Chile) mediate between US and MX in Niagara Falls, NY (July, 1914)
During conference, Huerta
overthrown by Carranza
Assisted by Pancho Villa
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Francisco “Pancho” VillaCarranza’s military leader, armed and equipped
by US Army to fight Huerta
Former bandit leader
Villa with American general John “Black Jack Pershing
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US vs. VillaWilson promises support,
recognition if Carranza removes Villa from command
Villa vows revenge, begins raids on American holdings in Mexico
Raids Columbus, NM;
Kills 18 Americans
(July, 1916)
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US vs. Villa
Wilson sends Pershing into MX to capture Villa, despite MX protests
Villa evades US for over a year
Pershing returns to US to lead US Army in WW I
Villa never captured; rumors?
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Causes of World War I: Alliance System in Europe
Triple Alliance:
Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
Italy changes sides, replaced by Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
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Causes of World War I: Alliance System in Europe
Triple Entente:
Britain, France, and Russia
Called the Allies, joined by US eventually
Both alliances had secret agreements to go to each other’s defense if attacked
Neither side knew how strong the alliances were for the other side
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Causes of World War One: Kaiser Wilhelm II of
GermanyAggressive, vain, nationalist
Sought “Germany’s place in the
sun” by expanding empire
Conflicts with Britain
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Causes of World War One: Expanding Empires
Germany and Britain global competition
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Causes of World War One: the British-German Arms Race
Britain and Germany created huge navies of advanced ships (the “dreadnoughts”)
Germany, Russia, and France increased size of armies
German dreadnought
British dreadnought
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Causes of World War One: a Weakening Austro-Hungarian Empire
Made up of numerous nationalities and language groups; many wanted self-rule (“autonomy”)
Most aggressive nation:
Serbia; wanted to self-govern
Home to terrorist groupsThe Black Hand
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June 28th, 1914Archduke Ferdinand, heir to A-H
throne, assassinated by Serbian terrorist Gavrilo Princip, for Serbian independence
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The Beginning of WW I
Because of the alliance system:A-H declares war on SerbiaRussia declares on A-HGermany declares war on RussiaFrance and Britain declare war on Germany
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America and WW I: 1914
Wilson declares US neutral
Most Americans opposed entry
American businesses sold to both Allies and Central Powers
Some Americans supported Germany
Irish-American troops for the Central Powers
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US to Drifts Into WarReasons America began to support the Allies:
1914 invasion of Belgium by CP; treated harshly by Germans
Americans respond with Belgian Relief Fund; led by Herbert Hoover
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US to Drifts Into WarBritish propaganda affects
Americans’ view of Germans and the war
New use of newsreels/movies
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The LusitaniaBritish passenger ship, carrying
Americans and weapons and ammunition
Germans give warning in NY papers; U-boats sink ship off the coast of Ireland, killing 127 Americans
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Wilson threatens war; Germans “apologize”, promises not sink ships without warning (the “Sussex Pledge”)
Sinking of ships continues
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1916 ElectionWilson vs. Charles Evans Hughes
Main issue: US in the war or not
“He Kept Us Out of War”