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Progress In Pheromone-Based Trapping Tracy Leskey, Ashot Khrimian, Aijun Zhang, Don Weber, Doug Pfeiffer, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, George Hamilton, Dean Polk, Chris Bergh, Paula Shrewsbury, Galen Dively, Greg Krawczyk, Jay Brunner, Peter Shearer, Peter Jentsch, and Art Agnello
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• Visual Stimulus – Large black pyramid
• Olfactory Stimuli – BMSB aggregation pheromone – Synergist
• Capture Mechanism – Tapered pyramid to inverted
funnel jar with DDVP toxicant strip
• Deployment Strategy – Traps placed in peripheral row of
orchard
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Broad Validation in Multi-State Trial • Is BMSB attracted to #10 in
the early season?
• Is BMSB attracted to #10 season-long?
• How attractive is this stimulus relative to MDT and unbaited traps?
• WV, MD, VA, PA, NJ, NY, DE, NC, OR, WA, and OH
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General Protocol
• Black pyramid traps
• Three odor treatments – 1) #10 – 2) MDT – 3) unbaited control
• Traps are deployed between wild
host habitat and agricultural production area.
• Traps were deployed in mid-April and left in place season-long.
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Reliable Season-Long Monitoring in Commercial Orchards
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
19-Apr 26-Apr 3-May 10-May 17-May 24-May 31-May 7-Jun 14-Jun
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 13-Aug
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
Early Season Mid-April – Mid June
Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
Late Season Mid-August – Early October
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20-Aug 3-Sep 17-Sep 1-Oct
Mean
No.
Per
Tra
p
Sample Date
#10 MDT Control
• BMSB reliably captured during early season. • Low numbers during much of mid-season. • MDT very attractive and #10 attractive in the late season.
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Early Season Mid-April – Mid June
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
201
2415
2
11
6#10:
Unbaited MDT:
Unbaited Adults 13 : 1 2 : 1
Nymphs 0.3 : 1 2 : 1
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Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
612
476
58
4850
11,421
592
#10: Unbaited
MDT: Unbaited
Adults 11 : 1 8 : 1 Nymphs 8 : 1 19 : 1
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Late Season Mid-August – Early October
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Adults Nymphs
% To
tal C
aptu
res (
All S
ites)
Lifestage
ControlMDT#10
3,879
11,449
438
3,070
10,042
706
#10: Unbaited
MDT: Unbaited
Adults 9 : 1 26 : 1 Nymphs 4: 1 14 : 1
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Control 0.1 mg 1 mg 10 mg 100 mg
Mean
No.
BMS
B Pe
r Tra
p
Dose
ShepherdstownKeedysville
a
b
b
bb
Adults
a
ab
bbb
0
50
100
150
200
250
Control 0.1 mg 1 mg 10 mg 100 mg
Mean
No.
BMS
B Pe
r Tra
p
Dose
ShepherdstownKeedysville
a
cbbb
a
b
b
b
b
Nymphs
bab
a
Dose Response Trial June 14-July 19, 2012
11:1 Ratio (Baited: Unbaited) for 10 mg lure
~25:1 Ratio (Baited: Unbaited) for 100 mg lure
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Lure Affordability: Encouraging Results from Purity Trial
a
b
a a
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Effect of Synergist
2-4 x
~5-100 x
1 x
8–11 x
~5-120 x
1 x
#10
#10 + Synergist
Control
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
23-May 16-Jun 10-Jul 3-Aug 27-Aug 20-Sep 14-Oct 7-Nov
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Season-Long Synergist Results Mid-May – Mid November
Synergist
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
25-Jun 2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug 13-Aug
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Mid-Season Mid June - Mid August
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
27-Aug 3-Sep 10-Sep 17-Sep 24-Sep 1-Oct 8-Oct 15-Oct
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Late Season Mid-August – Mid October
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
23-Oct 30-Oct 6-Nov
Mean
No A
dults
Per
Trap
Sample Date
MDT#10CombinationControl
Synergist
Post-Harvest Mid-October – Mid-November
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Broad Validation in Multi-State Trial in 2013 • Document season-long
patterns of activity.
• Compare commercially available synergists in combination with #10
• ME, NH, CT, MA, PA, NJ,
VA, WV, MD, DE, NC, FL, AL, MI, OH, IA, MO, UT, CA, OR, WA
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Season-Long Captures in Apple in 2013 April 3-June 3 2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
8-Apr 15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May 3-Jun
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
#10#10+Syn#10+SynControlAverage Temp
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Coordinated Trial Results To Date
Total Captures
#10 #10 + Synergist
#10 + Synergist
Control
Adults 96 430 411 13
Results from WV, MD, PA, VA, NJ, OR, DE, NY and NC
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Current Studies Commercial Orchard Threshold Studies
Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
1
3
2
Residential
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Preliminary Peach Results
• Significant linear relationship between exterior trap captures and temperature (P=0.002; r2=0.89) but not interior trap captures and temperature (P=0.204; r2=0.44) .
• No significant correlation between exterior and interior trap captures.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May
Mean
Tem
pera
ture
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
EXTINTTEMP
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Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
Residential
3.5 / trap
Preliminary Trends in Trap Captures and Border Landscapes in the Early Season in Peach
1.0 / trap
0.4 / trap
5.0 / trap
0.4 / trap
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y = 0.008x + 0.0116R² = 0.8369
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
% F
ruit
Inju
ry in
Nea
rest
Neig
hbor
Tree
s
Mean No. Adults Per Trap
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
15-Apr 22-Apr 29-Apr 6-May 13-May 20-May 27-May
Mean
Tem
pera
ture
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
EXTINTTEMP
Preliminary Apple Results
• Linear relationship between exterior trap captures and temperature at P = 0.0955; r2=0.46 and interior trap captures and temperature at P = 0.0594; r2=0.54
• Significant relationship interior trap and exterior trap captures (P=0.002; r2=0.89)
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Woodlot Fruit Block
Row Crop / Field / Pasture
Residential
14.0 / trap
Preliminary Trends in Trap Captures and Border Landscapes in the Early Season in Apple
4.3 / trap
2.2 / trap
2.0 / trap
7.4 / trap
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On-Station Threshold Studies in Apple
Woodlot Fruit Plot
Sprays Triggered at: 1 bug
10 bugs 20 bugs
Every 7 Days (ARM)
No Spray (Control)
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Dispersal from Overwintering Sites
• Under what abiotic conditions (temperature), do BMSB become active?
• What does the pattern of emergence from overwintering sites look like?
• Do they respond to pheromone traps immediately after exiting overwintering sites?
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Collect Overwintering Bugs
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Marked Over 4,000 Bugs For Release
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Provisioned Each Overwintering Shelter With 300 Marked Bugs
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Deployed Paired Overwintering Shelters and Baited Traps in Wooded Locations in Late
February
Bugs Can Exit Freely
Bugs Can Exit Shelter, But Can’t
Escape
Shelters encircled by 4 baited and 4
unbaited traps
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Emergence Results to Date
05
101520253035404550
7-Mar 21-Mar 4-Apr 18-Apr 2-May 16-May 30-May
Tota
l Num
ber A
dults
Sample Date
Site 1Site 2Site 3
% Total Emergence
Site 1 = 43% Site 2 = 50% Site 3 = 43%
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Emergence and Wild Bug Captures
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
7-Mar 21-Mar 4-Apr 18-Apr 2-May 16-May 30-May
Mean
No.
Wild
Adu
lts P
er B
aited
Trap
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er S
ite
Sample Date
EmergersWild Bug
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Emergence and Wild Bug Captures
• Similar patterns of emergence at all sites.
• Similar pattern of wild bug activity in traps and emergence.
• No marked bugs. Obligatory dispersal flight?
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Trap Type Study
• Are capture patterns similar among ground-mounted standard 4-ft pyramid trap and smaller pyramid style traps?
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Season-Long Trial in Commercial Apple Orchards
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
23-Apr 1-May 9-May 17-May 25-May 2-Jun
Mean
No.
Adu
lts P
er Tr
ap
Sample Date
StandardHangingLimbGround
Preliminary Results
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Preliminary Results
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Standard Hanging Limb-Mounted Ground
Mean
No.
Per
Trap
Trap Type
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Conclusions • Aggregation pheromone of BMSB
has been identified.
• Synergist has been identified.
• These stimuli provide reliable detection of BMSB activity.
• Applied questions can now be addressed.
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Acknowledgements • USDA-ARS, USDA NIFA SCRI # 2011-51181-30937, VDACS, and USDA-APHIS
Starker Wright Doo-Hyung Lee
Torri Hancock
Cameron Scorza
Sean Wiles Brent Short John Cullum
Brittany Rankin
Zoe Milburn
Teresa Mersing
Jeanne Sullivan