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Before beginning any assembly process, it is a
good idea to review safety procedures.
Keep the work area free of clutter and keep it clean.
Keep food and drinks out of the work area.
A computer monitor may store up to 25,000 volts, so avoid opening
one unless trained to do so.
Remove all jewelry and watches.
Make sure the power is off and the power plug has been removed
when working inside the computer.
Never look into a laser beam. Lasers are found in computer related
equipment.
Make sure that a fire extinguisher and first aid kit is available.
Cover sharp edges with tape when working inside the computer
case.
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Basic Safety Procedures
Use an antistatic mat and grounding wrist strap. Use antistatic bags to store and move computer components.
Do not remove or install components while the computer ison.
Ground often to prevent static charges from building up by
touching a piece of bare metal on the chassis or powersupply.
Work on a bare floor because carpets can build up staticcharges.
Hold cards by the edges to avoid touching chips or the edgeconnectors on the expansion cards.
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Basic Safety Procedures
Do not touch chips or expansion boards with a magnetizedscrewdriver.
Turn off the computer before moving it. This is to protect thehard drive, which is always spinning when the computer isturned on.
Do not place a circuit board of any kind onto a conductivesurface.
Do not use a pencil or metal tipped instrument to change DIPswitches or to touch components. The graphite in the pencil isconductive and could easily cause damage.
Do not allow anyone who is not properly grounded to touch orhand off computer components. This is true even whenworking with a lab partner. When passing components,always touch hands first to neutralize any charges.
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ESD Precautions
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is more commonly referred toas static electricity.
ESD is probably the greatest enemy when a user unwraps
newly purchased computer parts and components while
preparing to assemble the computer.
The best way to protect against ESD is to use an anti-static
mat, a grounding wrist strap, and anti-static bags.
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ESD Precautions
Always review the ESD precautions before beginning theassembly process.
Keep all computer parts in anti-static bags.
Keep the humidity between 20 - 30 percent.
Use grounded mats on workbenches.
Use grounded floor mats in work areas.
Use wrist straps when working on computer parts, except
when working on monitors or power supplies. Periodically touch unpainted grounded metal parts of the
computer to lower the static energy of the body.
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Computer Cases
There are three basic types of computer cases: Desktop
Tower
Mini-tower
Mid-tower
Full tower
Portable
Whether buying a tower or desktop, it is recommended that itconforms to the ATX standard and has at least a 250-wattpower supply (300 watts is ideal.)
The desktop case is considered the most difficult to upgrade.
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Desktop Computers
The desktop design is one of the more familiar case styles.Desktop units are designed to sit horizontally on the desktop.
The two important considerations in choosing a desktop case
style for a computer are:
Available desktop space
Form factor
The newest form factor,
and the one most often
encountered, is the ATX.
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Tower Computers
Tower cases are usually designed to sit vertically on the floorbeneath a desk.
Tower cases come in three sizes:
Mini towers
Mid towers
Full-size towers
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Power Supplies
The power supply is one of the most important parts thatneeds to be understood. The power supply unit provides
electrical power for every component inside the system unit.
The power supply plays the critical role of converting
commercial electrical power (AC), into DC required by thecomponents of the computer.
There are two basic types of power supplies:
AT power supplies Designed to support AT-compatiblemotherboards.
ATX power supplies Designed according to newer ATX
design specifications to support the ATX motherboard.
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Power Supplies
There are two major distinctions between the legacy AT andthe new ATX power supplies.
The AT power supply has two 6-pin (12 pins) motherboard
power connectors (P8/P9)
The ATX power supplies use a single 20-pin power
connector (P1).
In the ATX-compatible power supply, the cooling fan pulls
air through the case from the front and exhausts it out therear of the power supply unit.
The AT design pulls air in through the rear of the power
supply unit and blows it directly on the AT motherboard.
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Power Supplies
The power supply produces four (five in the ATX) differentlevels of well-regulated DC voltage for use by the system
components.
These are +5V, -5V, +12V, and -12V.
In ATX power supplies, the +3.3V level is also produced and
is used by the second-generation Intel Pentium processors.
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Power Supplies
Ground -- Used to complete circuits with the
other voltagesBlack0 volts
Most newer CPUs, some types of memory,
and AGP video cardsOrange+ 3.3 volts
ISA bus cards and early PROMSWhite- 5 volts
Motherboard, Baby AT and earlier CPUs, and
many motherboard componentsRed+ 5 volts
Some types of serial port circuits and earlyprogrammable read only memory (PROM)
Blue- 12 volts
Disk drive motors, fans, cooling devices, and
the systems bus slotsYellow+ 12 volts
UseWire ColorVoltage
ATX
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Motherboard Location Map
A motherboard location map
shows where the major
components and hardware is
located on the motherboard.
A motherboard map can be
found in the documentation
that comes with the
motherboard.
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Configuring the Motherboard
Configuring the motherboard typically means the following:
Installing the CPU
Installing the heat sink and fan
Installing RAM
Connecting the power supply cables to the motherboard
power connectors and connecting miscellaneous
connectors to the correct switches and status lights on thefront case panel.
Setting the system BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
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Configuring the Connectors
For the disk controllers, always remember that a coloredstripe on the data cable is pin-1.
Most modern connectors are "keyed" by a missing pin or a
blocked connector, so they cannot be fitted the wrong way.
Usually, the colored wire(s) in a power cable are positive and
the white or black wire(s) are ground or negative.
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CPU Interfaces
There are two main types of CPU interfaces.
Socket type (e.g., socket 7) - Socket 7 has been the
standard interface, although the newer systems are now
using different sockets. It is the only interface used by at
least one generation of Intel Pentium processors (Pentium
I) as well as AMD and Cyrix chips.
Slot type (e.g., slot 1.) - Slot type interfaces use a slot
similar to expansion cards. Slot 1 is the Single EdgeContact (SEC) interface used only by the Intel Pentium II
processor family.
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RAM
The two types of memory modules used on most PCs are: Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)
Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM)
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RAM
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) 168-pin
DIMM cards are inserted straight into the slots
When DIMM sizes are mixed on the motherboard, it isimportant to remember to put the DIMM with the largest
memory size in the first bank.
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RAM
Rambus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) 184 pins
RIMM modules use only the direct Rambus memory chips(RDRAM)
RDRAM is characterized by its high bus speed.
RIMMs require that if you do not fill all RIMM slots withRDRAM memory, you must keep the empty slots filled withtermination boards
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Connecting the Power Supply
The power supply converts the alternation current (AC) linefrom your home to the direct current (DC) needed by the
personal computer.
This process will vary depending on the type of motherboard
that is being installed (AT or ATX).
Sometimes it is helpful to delay attaching the power connector
to the board until all the components
have been installed that need to go
on the motherboard.
This allows for more working
space inside the case.
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Connecting the Power Supply
WARNING:Do not open the power supply it contains acapacitors which can hold Electricity (WHICH CAN KILL)
even if the computer is power off for a week, if not
longer. If you do open it WHICH IS NOT
RECOMMENDED, take all precautions and ensure you
work with one arm behind your back to direct the
electricity away from the heart. Also ensure that you
have no jewelry on (such as a watch or rings). Howeveragain THIS IS NOT RECOMMENDED and still cannot
protect you 100% and is still potentially dangerous.
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AT Power Supply
AT power supplies are considered legacy AT motherboards have a 12 pin connector and the AT power
supply has two 6 pin connectors (P8 and P9).
Plug the P8 and P9 wire lead connectors in the 12-pin power
connector.
Make sure the black wires are in the middle, right next to each
other or the motherboard could be damaged.
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ATX Power Supply
ATX is currently the most common type of power supply.
ATX motherboards have a single 20 pin connector (P1).
The connector is keyed for easy installation.
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Connecting Floppy Drives
The floppy drive exchanges data with the motherboarddevices, including the microprocessor, via a 34-pin flat ribbon
(data) cable
Usually, a red stripe on the edge of the cable identifies pin-1.
Lining the red-stripe edge with pin-1 of the drive connector or
drive controller interface assures a correct alignment.
If the cable is incorrectly oriented it becomes immediately
apparent on power up by the fact that the floppy drive LEDlight comes on immediately and stays on.
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Connecting Floppy Drives
Current system BIOS versions can support up to twofloppy drives on one controller via a daisy chain cable
arrangement. Cable pin-outs 10 through 16 are cross-
wired between the middle drive connector and end drive
connector, producing a twist that reverses the Drive
Select (DS) configuration of the drive plugged into the
end connector of the ribbon cable. This feature, called
cable select, automatically configures the drive on themiddle connector as Drive B and the drive on the end
connector as Drive A. The twist is beside the Drive A
connector.
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Installing a Hard Drive or CD-ROM
Attaching the hard drive and CD-ROM are basically similar.
First, the jumper settings should be properly set.
The designation of a hard drive or CD-ROM drive as either
master or slave is generally determined by the jumper
configuration, not by the order in which the drive is daisy-
chained to the other drive.
The hard drive that is used to boot the computer should be set
as the primary master
The only exception is if the drive is jumpered (set to) "cable
select" and both the system and ribbon cable support cable
select.
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Connecting a Hard Drive or CD-ROM
Hard drives and CD-ROM drives communicate with the rest of
the system using ribbon cables.
Ribbon cables are widely used to connect peripherals such as
floppy drives and hard drives internally.
IDE cable ribbon cables used for hard drives and CD-ROM
drives typically have 40 pins and can connect two devices to
each cable.
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Power On Self Test
Whenever a computer starts up, a series of tests are automatically
performed to check the primary components in the system, such as
the CPU, ROM, memory, and motherboard support circuitry.
The routine that carries out this function is referred to as the POST.
POST is a hardware diagnostics routine that is built into the system
BIOS.
The basic function of the POST routine is to make sure that all the
hardware the system needs for startup is there and that everything
is functioning properly before the boot process begins.
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Power On Self Test
POST also provides some basic troubleshooting to determine
what devices have failed or have problems initializing during
this pre-startup hardware check.
The POST routine provides error or warning messages
whenever it encounters a faulty component.
Post error codes take the form of a series of beeps that
identify a faulty hardware component.
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Power On Self Test
If the Post advances up to the point where video can be displayed,
the error codes are displayed on the monitor.
Mouse86xx
Hard drive17xx
Floppy drive6xx
Color monitor5xx
Keyboard3xx
Main memory2xx
CMOS, options or time not set16x
System board or BIOS1xx
Possible ProblemError Code/Range