57
CHAPTER III
PROFILE OF SURFACE WATER RESOURCES IN
STUDY REGION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
India possesses 5 per cent of the World’s total water resources.
According to K. L .Rao; there are about 10360 rivers of at least 1.6 km length
each with average annual flow of 1869 km3. From the geographical
perspective, only 69000 crore km3 (32 %) surface water is used, due to uneven
distribution and other hindrances (Gurjar, 2008). Availability of annual surface
water in India is 186900 crore m3. The water which is available in streams,
rivers, dams, canals, lakes, ponds and wetland is known as surface water. In
other words surface water is naturally occurred by various types of
precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to the seas and oceans,
evaporation, evapo-transpiration and percolation etc., the total quantity of water
in this system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. Such
factors are like as storage capacity in artificial reservoirs, soils permeability,
and runoff of water and duration of rainfall as well as rate of evaporation.
Main sources of surface water in India are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks etc.
Maharashtra has 400 rivers; the total length of these rivers is 20,000 km. The
total geographical area of the state is divided into 5 river basins, namely
Godavari, Tapi, Narmada, Krishna and West flowing rivers of the Konkan
region. The estimated average annual availability of water resources consists of
164 km3 of surface water and 20.5 km
3 of subsurface water. Water availability
in Konkan region and Narmada basin are abundant and surplus, whereas Tapi
basin shows water deficit, Godavari and Krishna basins are normal level.
Various Interstate Water Tribunal awards / agreements, decisions on water
sharing have reduced estimated available surface water resources in these river
basins for the state of Maharashtra to about 125 km3. Maharashtra has 1427
large dams and out of these 1813 irrigation projects were completed and 2817
irrigation projects are under construction (Ghate, 2010).
58
Maharashtra is one of the surface water rich states in India. The recent
scenario of availability of surface water reflects from its geographical area
(307762 km²) and from this area Maharashtra has capacity of 75 per cent
dependable yield (131562 Mm3). From that available water Maharashtra can
use only 126936 Mm3
water. On the basis of river basins Maharashtra state has
divided into five main river basins and out of them Krishna basin is second
largest basin in Maharashtra. Total Geographical area of Krishna basin
(including Bhima) is 70114 km² and 75 per cent dependable water yield is
28371 Mm3. The Krishna basin has permitted to use only 16818 Mm
3. The
other basins of Maharashtra state are west flowing rivers in Konkan, Tapi,
Narmada and Godavari.
Considering these things the upper Krishna basin has taken to study of
surface water resources. The surface water of upper Krishna basin is mostly
found into two categories and they are flowing river and artificial reservoirs.
3.2 SURFACE WATER IN RIVER BASINS
Krishna basin is divided into two major basins namely west upper
Krishna basin and east upper Krishna. Total area of upper Krishna basin is
20400 km², out of it west upper Krishna covers 15116 km² and east upper
Krishna’s coverage is 5284 km². Further west upper Krishna basin divided into
two sub-basins and these are north-west and south-west upper Krishna basin.
The east upper Krishna basin categorized in Yerala and Agrani sub-basins.
59
Table 3.1: Geographical Area in Upper Krishna Basin.
Basin
Segment District Tahsils
Geographical
Location
Area
(km2)
Satara Satara, Mahabaleshwar,
Wai, Javali, Koregaon,
Karad, Patan
Sangli Shirala, Walwa, Miraj,
Tasgaon, Khanapur
Upper Krishna
( North-West)
Kolhapur Shahuwadi, Panhala,
Hatkanangale, Shirol,
Karveer, Kagal, Radhanagri,
Bavda, Bhudargad,
Gadhinglaj, Ajara
16°2´ to 18°2´ N
73°32´ to 74°40´ E
Upper Krishna
(South-West)
Kolhapur Chandgad, Gadhinglaj,
Ajara
15°49´ to 16°15´ N
74°00´ to 74°30´ E
15116
Satara Karad, Khatav Upper Krishna
(East) Yerala Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj
16°55´ to 17°28´ N
74°20´ to 74°40´ E
Upper Krishna
(East) Agrani
Sangli Khanapur, Tasgaon, Miraj,
Jat, Kavtemanhkal
16°40´ to 17°28´ N
74°20´ to 75°15´ E
5284
Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, 1999.
According to Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, in
Satara district two sub-basins are distributed namely upper Krishna West
(56.91 %) and upper Krishna East (12.97 %). Sangli district is distributed into
three sub-basins of upper Krishna namely upper Krishna west (19.24 %), upper
Krishna East Yerala (30.54 %) and upper Krishna East Agrani (15.25 %).
Kolhapur district is totally covered by upper Krishna basin and divided into
sub-basins of upper Krishna West-North (74.93 %), upper Krishna West-South
(22.71 %) and Tillari (2.36 %).
River water is main source of surface water. Krishna basin has number
of tributaries and these tributaries becomes the one sub-basin, namely Krishna,
Koyana, Warana, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Vedganga and Ghatprabha on the
right bank of Krishna. The left bank of Krishna is poor drainage pattern
developed. Yerala and Agarani is the main tributary of Krishna river. Koyana,
Warana and Bhogawati rivers have average length is more than 100 km.
60
Another some tributaries of Krishna namely Venna, Panchganga, Kasari,
Kubhi, Bhogavati, Dudhganga, Vedganga, Ghatprabha, Hiryankeshi and
Tamrparni rivers course length is more than 50 km. Surface water in western
tributaries is rich in water resources in study region. But eastern sub-basin of
Krishna river namely Yerala and Agrani are observed poor in the respect of
availability of water resources.
Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000V
arunji
Kar
ad
Sam
doli
Arj
un
wad
Ku
rund
wad
Ter
wad
Van
dur
Bas
twad
Dad
di
Gotu
r
Hydrological S tations
Volu
me
of
Wate
r (M
m3)
Fig. 3.1
Surface water availability depends on the average rainfall in the basin.
According to Krishna Water Dispute, Maharashtra state can get 594 TMC
water for utilization from Krishna basin. In 1950-51 Government of India
declared that 1800 TMC water is available in whole Krishna river basin. But
Government of Maharashtra is not agreed with this decision. Then Central
Government appointed one commission under the Chairperson of N. D. Gulati
to count discharge of Krishna basin. As per survey it was proved that Krishna
basin has 2060 TMC water.
According to Government of Maharashtra Irrigation Department and
Central Water Commission the surface water availability in Krishna basin, near
Kurundwad station is 13330 Mm3
at Panchganga and Krishna confluence.
Average water availability in the Dudhganga river is 1062 Mm³, Vedganga
river and Hiryankeshi have 1267 Mm³ and 1230 Mm³ water availability
respectively per year. Both Hiryankeshi and Ghatprabha rivers discharge 1873
61
Mm3
water per year. Per capita water availability from Krishna basin is 899 m3
and per hectare water availability is 2600 Mm3 (Jugale, 2000).
Table 3.2: Average Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin
Hydrological
Station
Water Availability
(Mm3)
Varunji 2734
Karad 4368
Samdoli 3224
Arjunwad 7559
Kurundwad 13330
Terwad 4105
Vandur 1062
Bastwad 1267
Daddi 1873
Gotur 1230
Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, 1999.
Table 3.3: Annual Water Availability in West & East Upper Krishna Basin.
Annual Water Availability
Upper Krishna
(West)
Upper Krishna
(East)
Year
Mm3 % Mm
3 %
Total
(Mm³)
1979-80 22220 98.91 245.51 1.09 22465.51
1980-81 26814 99.93 18.69 0.07 26832.69
1981-82 23926 96.87 772.48 3.13 24698.48
1982-83 20006 99.96 7.65 0.04 20013.65
1983-84 24779 99.83 43.04 0.17 24822.04
1984-85 18949 99.78 41.63 0.22 18990.63
1985-86 18432 99.86 25.20 0.14 18457.20
1986-87 16222 99.75 40.49 0.25 16262.49
1987-88 11566 97.58 286.57 2.42 11852.57
1988-89 22492 96.57 797.97 3.43 23289.97
1989-90 17548 98.99 179.81 1.01 17727.81
1990-91 25706 99.90 25.20 0.10 25731.20
1991-92 26722 97.53 675.92 2.47 27397.92
1992-93 19318 99.95 8.78 0.05 19326.78
1993-94 21158 99.61 82.69 0.39 21240.69
Average 21057.20 99.00 216.77 1.00 21273.98
Source: Based on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation Commission Report, 1999.
62
The table 3.3 shows spatio-temporal variation in surface water
availability in upper Krishna basin. In western part of the study region, water
availability is more than 99 per cent in Krishna NW and Krishna SW sub-basin.
In eastern part of study region, Yerala and Agarani sub-basins are highly water
deficit basins and the surface water availability is 01 per cent. From 1979 to
1994 surface water availability is varying from year to year. In 1991 - 92,
27397.92 Mm3
surface water was available in upper Krishna basin which is
highest recorded in study region and 11852.57 Mm3 lowest water availability
was recorded in 1987-88 in study region. From 1979 to 1994, in this period
annual average water availability was 21324 Mm3 (fig. 3.2).
Surface Water Availability in Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
197
9- 8
0
198
0-8
1
198
1-8
2
198
2-8
3
198
3-8
4
198
4-8
5
198
5-8
6
198
6-8
7
198
7-8
8
198
8-8
9
198
9- 9
0
199
0- 9
1
199
1-9
2
199
2-9
3
199
3-9
4
Year
Wa
ter A
va
ila
bil
ity
(M
m3)
Upper Krishna (West) Upper Krishna (East)
Fig.3.2
3.3 WATER AVAILABILITY IN PROJECTS
Indian agriculture is gamble of monsoon. From ancient period, a water
supply scheme has been constructed to overcome this problem, in India. In
Tapi basin Savalda, Prakashe and Bhima basin Enamgaon projects are form
Sindhu culture (Water Irrigation Commission Report, 1999). Ancient
references are found in Yejurved and Smruti literature about lakes, canals and
tanks. Koutilya says that agriculture develops not only through rainfall but also
with the help of irrigation. In Maharashtra on each fort surface water was
63
collected and stored very skillfully in rainy season and it was utilized in dry
period. Ahamadnagar Nijam’s last Prime Minister Malikambar constructed
tank near Devgiri fort to collect rain water for further utilization. So, there is
need to store water in rainy season. From the prehistoric period dams were
constructed to store water for further utilization. Bhandara district is known as
tank district in Maharashtra. In 20th
century LokRaja Ch.Sahu Maharaj
constructed Radhanagari (Laxmi) dam on Bhogavati river for irrigation and
electricity generation.
In 1883, in Satara district Mayani dam was constructed to overcome
local shortage of water. In 1868, Kodashi weir was constructed on Krishna
river near Karad in British rule. Besides Satara district has another lake named
Kas, its stored water is supplied for drinking purpose to Satara city from British
Empire. Islampur lake was constructed (1876-1879) near Islampur town for
supply of drinking water. In 1881, there were 112 ponds available for water
storage in Kolhapur and Sangli districts and out of them three ponds namely
Rankala, Atigre and Padmale have area more than twenty five acres.
Table 3.4: Project Classification in Maharashtra
Type of Project Authority Command
Area (ha)
Storage
(Mm3)
District Council (ZP) <100 -- Minor Irrigation Projects
(Local Sector) Rural Development &
Water Conservation Department. 101 to 250
--
Minor Irrigation Projects
(State Sector) Irrigation Department 251 to 600
1
Large Minor Irrigation
Projects (State Sector) Irrigation Department. 601 to 2000
1-10
Medium Irrigation
Projects (State Sector) Irrigation Department. 2001 to 10000
10-100
Major Irrigation Projects
(State Sector) Irrigation Department. > 10000
Above
100
Source: Based on www.govmaha.inirrigationdept.
After independence, government of Maharashtra established Irrigation
Department for constructions of new dams for water storage and water
distribution for irrigation purpose. According to Government of Maharashtra,
the dams are classified as large dams and small dams depending on the height
64
of the dam. Those dams more than 15 m in height are classified as large dams
and less than 10 m in heights as small dams.
According to authority and command area, Government of Maharashtra
further classified projects into six categories. Construction and implementation
of water projects are regularized by various Government departments. The
objectives of various dam projects are different in Maharashtra state. More than
251 ha irrigation capacity projects are being developed by Government’s
irrigation department and these projects are hierarchically named as minor,
medium and major. Another Zilla Parishad, Governments Rural Development
and Water Conservation department constructed small projects having capacity
of irrigation is less than 250 ha.
3.3.1 Major Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin
Surface water is the cheapest water source for utilization for all purpose.
But surface water is not available throughout year naturally. In rainy season,
availability of surface water is maximum and the same region faces water
problem in summer season. The present scenario of water is observed in the
western region of Krishna basin where the live water flowage is about 198 days
whereas, in the zone of eastern region only 43 days of flow. So there is need to
store the flowing water in rainy season in study region. In upper Krishna basin,
dams were constructed to store water for further purpose, from historical
period.
Table 3.5: Storage of Major Water Projects (Mm3)
Name Total
Storage
Utilizable
Storage
Koyana 2797.40 2652.40
Dhom & Kanher 668.27 602.78
Warana 974.19 779.34
Radhanagri 236.79 219.97
Tulshi 96.28 91.92
Dudhganga 719.12 679.11
Total 5492.05 5025.52
Source: Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara,
Sangli and Kolhapur Districts, 2010.
65
The physiography as well as geological structure of western upper
Krishna basin is suitable for construction of projects to store and distribute
water. From historical period to present, seven major projects are constructed
on different tributaries of Krishna river. These all projects are situated in
western Sahyadri hill ranges.
Total Storage of Major Projects in Upper
Krishna Basin (Mm3)
668.27, 12%
236.79, 4%
96.28, 2%
2797.4, 51%
974.19, 18%
719.12, 13%Koyana
Dhom &
KanherWarana
Radhanagri
Tulshi
Dudhganga
Utilizable Storage of Major Projects in
Upper Krishna Basin (Mm3)
602.78, 12%
779.34, 16%
219.97, 4%
91.92, 2%
679.11, 14%
2652.4, 52%
Koyana
Dhom &
KanherWarana
Radhanagri
Tulshi
Dudhganga
Fig. 3.3
The table 3.5 and fig. 3.3 reveals that the higher storage capacity is
recorded in Koyana project which is 2797.40 Mm3 followed that by Warana
(974.19 Mm3), Dudhganga (719.12 Mm
3), Dhom (382.27 Mm
3), Kanher
(286.00 Mm3), Radhanagari (236.79 Mm
3) and lowest observed from Tulshi
(96.28 Mm3). Out of this storage utilizable water from Koyana reservoir is
2652.40 Mm3. The Warana dam has a capacity of utilizable storage is 779.34
Mm3 and from Tulshi dam only 91.92 Mm
3 is utilizable which is lowest in
study region. The other projects have utilizable storage, Dudhganga (979.11
Mm3), 602.78 Mm
3 from Dhom and Kanher, and Radhanagari (219.97 Mm
3).
The storage and utilizable capacity of these reservoirs are varying from
one another due to the geographical condition as well as the height and length
of construction and upstream watershed area. Besides that siltation of
sediments also affects on the storage capacity.
1) Koyana Hydro Electric Project
Right in short period after independence Koyana major project work
was started near Deshmukhwadi (1961-1967) in Patan tahsil on Koyana river.
66
The Dam is 103.2 m high above the deepest foundation and its total length is
807.22 m. There are 53 monoliths of which 06 end monoliths are constructed in
masonry and the rest in rubble concrete. The spillway is centrally located and
extends from monolith No. 18 to 24 over a length of 88.70 m (Koyana Dam
Salient Features, 2011). The main aim of dam construction is to generate 1960
MW hydroelectricity in different four stages. The water from Koyana dam
should be utilized nearly 2797.40 Mm3 for to generate hydroelectricity.
After independence of India states Bombay- Poona industrial zone was
facing shortage of power in Maharashtra. That time TATA hydro system
produced and supply power to this industrial belt as well as in urban zone of
such region. The shortage of power supply creates many problems and adverse
effects on industrial production and new industrialization. To overcome these
problems, Government of Maharashtra had decided to construct Koyana project
and minimize the problems.
The dam is situated near the Guhagar – Bijapur state highway where
Koyana river takes a sudden turn to eastward, the side close to village
Deshmukhwadi and 5 km north of Helwak. Koyana project catchment area is
covered nearly 890.96 km². Dam site is laying in the heavy rainfall zone (more
than 600 cm yearly). The water storage height is above 487.68 m from western
slope of Sahyadri which is beneficial for generating hydro electricity. In
December, 1962’s a project report was sanctioned by Government of Bombay
for costing Rs. 33.22 crore for first stage of project. On the basis of this report,
Government accorded a revised administrative approval to the stage I of project
for Rs.38.28 crore in January, 1967. Length of dam at top is 792.48 m and
bottom level is 103.02 m and that time dam store capacity was 98.78 TMC at
beginning. In 2002, 1.5 m flaps have been joined to top of the spillway gate.
Present water storage capacity of Koyana dam is 105.25 TMC. Service gates
are provided centrally to let down irrigation discharge. 40 MW capacity power
house is located at the foot of the Koyana dam.
Koyana dam project site topography is favorable for hydro electric
project. Vertical drop of project is 487.68 m at Pophali 56 km from the Arabian
67
Sea between the 579 m high bed of a Koyana on the eastern side of western
ghat. Due to high altitude of topography high head is available for hydro
electric generation. Economic cost is low because of favorable site. The
Koyana hydro electric project has four stages. First and second constructed at
Pophali, generates 560 MW electricity. Third stage generates 320 MW
electricity and the used water goes to Arabian Sea. Water releases for irrigation
in to river utilize height for generate power at foot power house and generate
40 MW electricity.
Table 3.6: Salient Features of Koyana Project
Name of the Project Koyna Hydro Electric Project, Stage I & II
Name of the Dam Koyna Dam - Shivsagar
Year of Completion 1967
Purpose Hydro Electric Project partly for Irrigation
Location Deshmukhwadi, Tahsil Patan, Dist. Satara
Name of River Koyna
Catchment area 89178 km²
Average annual
rainfall (near dam site)
5000 mm
Gross Capacity 2797.4 Mm³
Height 103 m
Length 807.72 m
Source: Based on Koyana Dam Silent Features, 2011.
2) Krishna Project
In 1967, Krishna project was planned for Dhom, Kanher and Borkhal
dams laying 106286 ha area under irrigation. As per decisions of KWDT
(Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal), 29.30 TMC water can be used through
Krishna project. So, Government of Maharashtra canceled Bhorkhal dam due
to water budget. Presently Krishna project included Dhom and Kanher projects.
Dhom dam is constructed on Krishna river and the work of this dam was
started in 1970 and completed in 1977. Dhom dam’s utilizable water storage is
68
11.70 TMC. Dhom project have two branches of canal one is 59 km right bank
canal and another is 113 km left bank canal.
Kanher dam is constructed near Kanher village on Venna river in Satara
district. The work of Kanher dam was started in 1976 and completed in 1988.
Length of dam is 1955 m and height is 50.34 m. The catchment area up to dam
site is 204.61 km² submergence area is 2021.01 ha. Live storage of dam is 9.59
TMC and command area of Kanher project is 10070 ha in ICA and 31005 from
Arphal project. The Kanher-Arphal canal has two branches namely right bank
(58 km) and left bank (21 km). After crossing 21 km distance left bank canal is
known as Arphal canal and it runs up to 191 km. Out of Arphal canal 1 to 85
km command area is in Satara district and 86 to 191 km command area in
Sangli district.
Table 3.7: Krishna Project Silent Features
Location of Project
Location Kanher Dhom
Taluka Satara Wai
District Satara Satara
Name of River Venna Krishna
Location- Latitude 17°58´39´´ N 17°45´00´´N
Longitude 73°49´04´´E 73°55´00´´E
Length of Dam 1955 m 2478 m
Height of Dam 50.34 m 50 m
Catchment area 204.61 km² 217.56 km²
Designed storage 286.00 Mm³ 382.32 Mm³
Power generation 4 M.W. 2M.W.
Command Area 10070 ha. (I.C.A.)
Arphal – 31005
(I.C.A.)
32925 ha
Source: Based on Dhom and Kanher Dam Salient Features, 2010.
Catchment area of Kanher dam up to dam site is 204.69 km² and 217.56
km² of Dhom dam. According to salient features 75 per cent water availability
is 435.25 Mm³ (Dhom) and 386.29 Mm³ (Kanher). Dam height of Dhom is
50.34m and Kanher has 50 m. Total water storage of Kanher dam is 286 Mm³
and Dhom dam is 382.32 Mm³. After dam construction submergence area of
69
Dhom dam is 2497 ha and for Kanher dam 1997 ha. Dhom project affects fully
13 villages and partly 19 villages population is 9213. Kanher project affects
1900 families, 7080 population from fully submerged 11 and partly 19 villages.
For canal construction 2230 ha land is acquired.
3) Warana Project
In Sangli district, Warana dam on Warana river at Chandoli village was
constructed. In 1976, the first revised administrative approval was sanctioned at
Rs. 81.97 crore and after 10 years (1986) second revised proposal sanctioned at
Rs. 288.47 crore for dam site. Third revised proposal submitted to MKVDC for
Rs. 1304.89 crore in 2007-08. Total catchment area of dam site is 301 km² and
annual average rainfall is 4500 mm. Warana catchment area yields nearly 1500
Mm³. Warana dam is earthen and length of dam is 1560 m. Top width is 12 m
and maximum height is 77 m. Maximum water level of Warana reservoir is
628.05 m from MSL and gross storage capacity is 974.188 Mm³. Live storage
is 779.35 Mm³ and dead storage is 194.86 Mm³. Annual water utilization for
various purposes is 1028.15 Mm³. For discharge 4 Nos. 12 m x 8 m size gates
are available of ogee RCC spillway. Warana dam constructed for irrigation
purpose. Gross command area by natural flow is 36586 ha and by lift irrigation
is 91515 ha in Sangli and Satara district. Water is stored fully from 2002 up to
974.19 Mm³. Left flank masonry dam accommodates irrigation and power
outlets where as right flank masonry dam is for spillway with four radial gates.
Main Warana project is proposed at Khujgaon in Shirala tahsil and total
water storage capacity is 2466.96 Mm³ and utilization capacity is 994.48 Mm³.
After construction of dam with the help of 147 km left bank canal and 195 km
right bank canal irrigated 99100 ha cropped area. For the proposed project
submerged land was 8870 ha, 20 villages from Sangli district and 17 villages
from Kolhapur district. There was the need of rehabilitations of 29283
populations so the people opposed to present site of project. Then Government
of Maharashtra changed the dam site to reduce submergence of natural and
manmade resources.
70
Warana dam has two canals, one is 70 km left bank canal. The Left bank
canal bifurcates in 27 km with the Warana conduit on Warana river. The length
of right bank canal is 117 km which starts from right side of Warana dam.
After completion of project, it will provide water for irrigation to Satara, Sangli
and Kolhapur district, including Wakurde lift irrigation scheme through which
95024 ha agricultural area comes under irrigation.
Table 3.8: Silent Features of Warana Dam
LOCATION
Warana Dam
Village and Tahsil Chandoli, Tal. Shirala.
District Sangli
HYDROLOGY
Total catchment area up to dam site 301.00 km²
Average monsoon rainfall 4500 mm
RESERVOIR
Gross Storage 974.188 Mm³
Length 1560 m
Top Width 12 m
Maximum height of Dam 77 m
By Flow By Lift Total Gross Command area
36586 91515 128101
Culturable Command area 31384 78387 109771
Annual Irrigation 22139 67885 95024
Intensity of Irrigation 86.56 per cent
Source: Based on www.kickolhapur.com
4) Dudhganga Project
Dudhganga irrigation project is multistate between Maharashtra and
Karnataka, constructed in 1999 at Asangaon on Dudhganga river. Total
catchment area of Dudhganga project up to dam site is 196 km². Annual
average rainfall is 5075 mm and yearly yield of water is 1019.40 Mm³. Top of
bund level is 649.60 m and water level is 647.06 m. Gross water storage
capacity of present project is 720.74 Mm³ and live storage is 680.73 Mm³.
71
Dead storage of Dudhganga project is 40.00 Mm³ and annual water utilization
is 767.56 Mm³.
According to interstate proposal, out of total projected volume of water
767.56 Mm³ comes from part of Maharashtra but Maharashtra have been
utilized only 654.06 Mm³ and Karnataka state utilizes 113.50 Mm³ water per
annum. Upto March 2012 government spent Rs 670.15 crore on Dudhganga
project. According to interstate agreement Maharashtra Government and
Karnataka state spent 85 per cent and 15 per cent expenditure respectively.
Water of Panchganga basin of Dudhganga project diverts 12 km by canal and
Dudhganga- Bhogavati 550 m tunnel (Gaibi Tunnel) connects Dudhganga and
Panchganga basins.
Table 3.9: Silent Feature of Dudhganga Project
LOCATION
Nalla / river Dudhganga river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Asangaon, Tal. Radhanagari
District Kolhapur
HYDROLOGY
Total catchment area up to dam site 196.00 km²
Average monsoon rainfall 5075 mm
Gross storage 719.12 Mm³
Length 1280 m
Maximum height if dam 73.08 m
Source: Based on www.kickolhapur.com
Dudhganga project work was completed in 1999 and the availability of
water storage is 720.74 Mm³. After establishment of MKVDC left bank canal 1
to 31 km, 32 to 76 km and Kurundwad 1 to 26 km canal work was completed.
Right bank canal (1 to 24 km), Bidri branch (1 to 44 km) and Nidhori branch
canal (1 to 25 km) work was completed. Another canal work is in progress
stage.
5) Tulasi Project
Tulshi irrigation project is constructed on Tulshi river tributary of
Panchganga river near Burumbali in Radhanagari tahsil in Kolhapur district.
72
The lower reach of Tulshi river is suitable for water storage. The river has no
perennial flow and it is problematic to farmers to grow sugarcane cultivation
during summer season. In 1953 it was seen that existing irrigation facilities are
inadequate and only small area with private lift was irrigated. Firstly
community development authority was willing to grant for KT weirs but it had
limited scope.
Govt. of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs. 1077 lakhs in 1967 for dam and 9
KT weirs. The project consists of 1512 m long earthen dam including 198 m
masonry spillway across river Tulashi near village Burumbal, 35 km away
from Kolhapur city. Gross storage capacity of dam is 98.29 Mm³ and live
storage capacity is 91.92 Mm³. The dam included masonry spillway of 190 m
long with radial gates of 12 X 5 m size. The construction of dam was started in
1965 and completed in 1978.
Table 3.10: Silent Feature of Tulshi Project
Location
State Maharashtra
Region Western Maharashtra
District Kolhapur
Tahsil Radhanagari
Scope of the project A lift irrigation project with storage on Tulshi
river near Burumbali. Irrigating land in Tulshi
valley only.
Source Tulshi river a tributary of Panchganga in
Krishna basin.
Catchment area above dam 34.92 km²
Gross capacity of reservoir 98.29 Mm³
Maximum height of Dam 48.68 m
Length of dam 1512 m
Gross Command Area 4920 ha
Irrigable area 4720 ha
Source: Based on www.kickolhapur.com
6) Radhanagari Project
Radhanagari project is constructed for irrigation as well as drinking and
generation of hydro electric power. Present project work is started in 1908
during the empire of His Highness Shrimant Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj and
completed in 1954. To construct this project actual expenditure is Rs. 246
lakhs.
73
Table 3.11: Silent Feature of Radhanagari Project
Location
Name of Project Radhanagari Hydro Electric Project
Scope Irrigation and power generation
Source River Bhogawati tributary of Panchganga in
Krishna basin
Location Fejiwade, Tal. Radhanagari Dist. Kolhapur
Catchment area 110.075 km²
Average rainfall 2900 mm
Gross capacity of
reservoir F.S.L.
236.79 Mm³
Length of dam 1143 m
Maximum height of dam 42.68 m
Gross Command 59110 ha
Culturable command 47288 ha
Irrigable command 26560 ha
Crop Pattern
Kharif Nil
Rabbi 34.45 %
Bi seasonal Nil
Perennial 65.55 %
Source: Based on www.kickolhapur.com
Total length of dam is 1143 m including 795 m long masonry. The dam
is near village Fejiwade on river Bhogawati, tributary of Panchganga in
Krishna basin. The gross storage capacity of the Radhanagari is 237.22 Mm³
and live storage capacity is 220.47 Mm³ with 246.86 Mm³ annual water
utilization with KT weirs storages under this project. Downstream of the
Bhogavati and Panchganga river 13 KT weirs were constructed. Total irrigation
command area is 26560 ha. To generate electric power at dam foot 4 units of
1.2 MW each (4.8 MW) are constructed. With the five gates 40000 cusecs
discharge can be released. Besides this seven automatic gates are provided as
waste weir and discharge capacity is 10000 cusecs.
His Highness Shri. Chatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur constructed
dam to give water for irrigation by canal. But after investigation it was found
74
that canal system is very costly. Then idea came to generate hydro electricity,
irrigation and drinking water supply to Kolhapur city.
7) Urmodi Project
The river Urmodi is tributary of Krishna rises in Western Ghats in
Satara tahsil. Urmodi irrigation project is constructed to provide water to
Khatav and Man drought prone tahsils by lift system. The project work was
started in the year 1997. Firstly government sanctioned medium project of
10.84 crore in 1981. The local peoples were opposed to this project, there after
Government cancelled present proposal. Then in 1993, Govt. of Maharashtra
sanctioned another proposal of side construction of 282.14 Mm³ storage
capacity on Urmodi river near Parali village in Satara tahsil. Government of
Maharashtra approved firstly in 1993 to Rs 212.07 crore, then first improved
budget sanctioned in 2002 for Rs 867.77 crore. Again in 2010 second modified
budget of Rs 1324.14 crore. Apart from this project Government proposed to
construct another dam having water storage capacity of 8.51 Mm³.
Table 3.12: Silent Feature of Urmodi Project
Location
Village Parali
Tahsil Satara
District Satara
Name of River Urmodi (Tributary of Krishna)
Reservoir
Length of Dam 1860 m
Height of Dam 50.10 m
Catchment area 116.86 km²
Gross Storage Live Storage 282.14 Mm³
273.273 Mm³
Power generation 1× 3 MW
Command Area
Gross command area GCA - 48000 ha
CCA - 37000 ha
ICA - 27750 ha
Source: Based on Silent Feature of Urmodi Project, 2010.
75
Total length of dam is 1803 m and height of dam is 50.10 m with
storage capacity is 282.62 Mm³. Total proposed irrigable land under this
project is 43870 ha. Project consists of a foot power house having one unit of 3
MW capacities. The discharge of water from 4 radial gates of size 12m × 8m
constructed. Catchment area up to dam site is 116.86 km² and submerge land
is 1849.08 ha. Construction of Urmodi dam adversely affected 14 villages
which are fully submerged and 9 villages are partly submerged.
8) Tarali Project
Tarali project is constructed on Tarali river near Dangistewadi, in Patan
tahsil of Satara district. Through lift system it provides water for irrigation for
an area of 14276 ha in Patan, Karad, Khatav & Man tahsils of Satara district.
Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs. 194.32 crore in 1996 for
construction of dam. It has capacity to store 166.00 Mm³ water and it included
7 KT weirs in Tarali basin. Catchment area of Tarali dam is 81.45 sq km. Yield
of 50 per cent dependable is 201.07 Mm³ and 75 per cent dependable yield is
184.76 Mm³. Due to this dam 667 ha land is submerged in which seven fully
and four partly villages are affected.
Table 3.13: Silent Features of Tarali Project Location
Location Near Dangistewadi
State Maharashtra
Region Western Maharashtra
District Satara
Tahsil Patan
River Tarali river, a right bank tributary of river Krishna,
in Krishna basin.
Maximum height of dam 1096 m
Scope of the Scheme
Scope of the Scheme An irrigation project on Tarali river near
Dangistewadi Tahsil Patan Dist. Satara with lift
for irrigating an area of 14276 ha in Patan, Karad,
Khatav & Man Tahsils of Satara district
Catchment area 81.45 km²
Source: Based on Silent Features of Tarli Project, 2011.
76
9) Dhom-Balkawadi Project
For Dhom Balkavadi tunnel project on Krishna river having 115.77
Mm³ water storage capacity dam was constructed near Balkavadi village.
Utilizable water storage is 112.36 Mm³. From this project water is transfered to
Nira basin to irrigate about 1460 ha land in Bhor tahsil of Pune district. Phaltan
(17980 ha), Khandal (6060 ha) tahsils area is under command of this project in
Satara district. This project has 14.50 km left bank canal and 147 km right bank
canal.
Govt. of Maharashtra had sanctioned Rs. 261.72 crore in 1996 for this
project. Later, Krishna Khore Corporation sanctioned in 2002, first revised
proposal of Rs 475.29 crore was sanctioned. Then second revised proposal for
Rs 684.64 crore in 2009 and fourth improved proposal of Rs 848.89 crore is
sanctioned by Government of Maharashtra.
3.3.2 Medium Water Reservoirs in Upper Krishna Basin
The medium projects are categorized on the basis, those dams have been
catchment area in between 2001 to 10000 ha and water storage capacity is 10 to
100 Mm3 with height between 15 to 30 m.
The physiography of the study region is more suitable for medium water
reservoirs because of the ground height. But along with small sized catchment
area is the major obstacle in the construction of major projects as well as
capital investment, submerging area and environmental issues are the barriers
which delimit the constructions of such projects.
The above factors control the development and distribution of major
projects in the study region but scanty rainfall and daily need of water for
different purposes requires permanent source of water particularly in the
eastern part of upper Krishna basin. To overcome this condition medium
projects are best solution due to its cost benefit ratio is always high besides that
it is more ideal in small water catchment area.
77
1) Yeralwadi Medium Project
Yeralwadi medium project constructed on Yerala river tributary of left
bank of Krishna river at Yeralwadi village at 17° 31´24´´ N latitude and 74° 29´
35´´ E longitude. Administrative sanction for 2.62 crore in 1972 and in 1996
improved approval is sanctioned of 509.30 lakhs. Catchment area of dam is 766
km² with average annual rainfall is 600 mm. The dam storage capacity is 32.91
Mm3 and dead storage capacity is 13.33 Mm
3. Utilizable water storage is 19.57
Mm3 and water reserved for drinking purpose is 3.97 Mm
3. Yeralwadi medium
project is earthen dam and length is 1825 m and maximum height is 19.50 m.
Land under submergence is 729 ha. Command area of Yeralwadi dam under 31
km right bank canal is 2460 ha and with 18 km left bank canal is 1577 ha.
Table 3.14: Silent Feature of Yeralwadi Project
LOCATION
Nalla / River Yerala river tributory of Krishna
Village and Tahsil Village Yeralwadi Tal. Khatav
District Satara
HYDROLOGY
Total catchment area up to dam site 766 km²
Average monsoon rain fall 600 mm
RESERVOIR
Gross storage 32.80 Mm³
Dead storage 13.20 Mm³
Annual utilization 19.60 Mm³
DAM
Length 1825 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 19.50 m
Irrigable command area 4037 ha
Source: Silent Features of Yeralwadi Project, 2010.
2) Ner Medium Project
Ner medium project is constructed on Yerala river in Khatav tahsil at
17° 44´ N latitude and 74° 18´ E longitude. Total catchment area up to dam site
is 154.10 km² and land under submergence is 3.25 km². Dam construction was
78
started in 1826 and completed in 1881. Gross storage of dam is 0.416 TMC and
irrigable area is 4324 ha. Dam length is 1677.26 m and height is 22.55 m.
Project cropping pattern is 2 per cent kharif and 98 per cent rabbi crops.
Table 3.15: Silent Features of Ner Project
LOCATION
Nalla / River Yerala river tributary of Krishna
Village and Tahsil Ner Tal. Khatav
District Satara
HYDROLOGY
Total catchment area up to dam site 154.10 km²
Average monsoon rain fall 500 mm
RESERVOIR
Gross storage 11.80 Mm³
Live Storage 11.80 Mm³
Designed Storage 11.80 Mm³
Annual utilization 19.60 Mm³
DAM
Length 1677.26 m
Maximum height of dam 22.55 m
Irrigable command area 4324 ha
Source: Based on Silent Features of Ner Project, 2010.
3) Kasari Medium Project
Kasari medium project is constructed on Kasari river, tributary of
Panchganga in Krishna basin in Shahuwadi tahsil for irrigating 9458 ICA.
This project admistratively approved as medium project for Rs. 6.15 crore in
1977. The revised administrative approval is as a medium project for Rs.
28.80 crore by MKVDC Pune vides resolution No. MKVDC/MP-4/3220 dtd.
6/04/2000.
79
Table 3.16: Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project
Source: Based on Silent Features of Kasari Medium Project, 2010.
The Kasari dam is 297 m of earthen dam with 44.24 m height and storage
capacity of dam is 78.43 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 77.96 Mm³. Annual
irrigation is 9458 ha and intensity of irrigation is 77.90 per cent. For the
irrigation purposes, 14 KT weirs are constructed on Kasari river. Total
catchment area of Kasari dam is 33.28 km² up to dam site. Average annual
rainfall in catchment area of dam is 6300 mm. Annual yield as per 75 per cent
Location
Nalla / River Kasari river tributory of
Panchaganga river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Village Gelewade Tal. Shahuwadi
District Kolhapur
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam
site
33.28 km²
Maximum monsoon rainfall 6985 mm
Minimum monsoon rain fall 5715 mm
Average monsoon rain fall 6300 mm
75 % dependable annual yield 145.22 Mm³
Reservoir
Gross storage 78.56 Mm³
Live storage 77.96 Mm³
Dead storage 0.60 Mm³
Annual utilization 89.10 Mm³
Dam
Length 297 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 44.24 m
Command Area
Gross command area 12141 ha
Culturable command area 9995 ha
Irrigable command area 9458 ha
80
dependable is 145.22 Mm³. Yearly utilization of water is 89.10 Mm³. Land
under submergence is 542 ha.
4) Kadavi Medium Project
Kadavi medium irrigation project situated on Potfugi river, tributary of
Warana in Shahuwadi tahsil. Government approved for Rs 3.59 crore in 1977
and revised in 2000 for Rs 69.74 crore. The dam storage capacity is 71.24 Mm³
and live storage capacity is 70.56 Mm³ to irrigate 9219 ha land of Shahuwadi
tahsil. Irrigation intensity is 75.37 per cent with the help of nine KT weirs on
Potfugi and Kadavi river.
Table 3.17: Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project
LOCATION
Nalla / River Potfugi river tributory of
Warana river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Parale Ninai Tal. Shahuwadi
District Kolhapur
HYDROLOGY
Total catchment area up to dam site 34.10 km²
Maximum monsoon rainfall 6359 mm
Minimum monsoon rain fall 4445 mm
Average monsoon rain fall 5400 mm
75 % dependable annual yield 117.19 Mm³
RESERVOIR
Gross storage 71.24 Mm³
Live storage 70.56 Mm³
Dead storage 0.623 Mm³
Annual utilization 84.95 Mm³
DAM
Length 1499 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 36.05 m
COMMAND AREA
Gross command area 12232 ha
Cultivable command area 9908 ha
Irrigable command area 9219 ha
Source: Based Silent Features of Kadavi Medium Project, 2010.
81
Kadavi dam project is earthen dam, 1499 m long and maximum height is
36.05 m above foundation level. Average annual rainfall is 5400 mm in
catchment area as well as catchment area recorded 34.10 km² and land under
submergence (473 ha), gross command (12232 ha) and culturable command
area is 9908 ha observed in relation with Kadavi project.
5) Kumbhi Medium Project
Kumbhi medium irrigation project is constructed in Bavda tahsil on
Kumbhi river, tributary of Panchganga in Krishna basin. Present project
proposal is sanctioned in 1980 for Rs 4.60 crore revised in 1996 for 48.62
crore. This project is approved in 1981 by CWC. The catchment area of dam
up to dam site is 21.20 km² land under submergence is 502.74 ha. Maximum
rainfall in catchment area is recorded 7620 mm and average 7200 mm
minimum rainfall. Average annual rainfall in dam catchment area is 7366 mm.
Annual yield in dam area as per 75 per cent dependable is 108.60 Mm³.
The project is 887 m earthen dam with 42.58 m height. Storage capacity
of dam is 76.88 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 76.496 Mm³. Annual
availability of irrigation water for 8711 ha through lift irrigation on ten KT
weirs in Kumbhi river.
82
Table 3.18: Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project
Location
Nalla / River Kumbhi river 82ributary of
Panchanganga river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Village Lakhamapur, Tal. Bawada.
District Kolhapur
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam
site
21.20 km²
Maximum monsoon rainfall 7620 mm
Minimum monsoon rain fall 7200 mm
Average monsoon rain fall 7366 mm
75 % dependable annual yield 108.60 Mm³
Reservoir
Gross storage 76.88 Mm³
Live storage 76.496 Mm³
Dead storage 0.384 Mm³
Annual utilization 84.95 Mm³
Dam
Length 887 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 42.58 m
Command Area
Gross command area 10189 ha
Culturable command area 9170 ha
Irrigable command area 8711 ha
Source: Based on Silent Features of Kumbhi Medium Project, 2010.
6) Chitri Medium Project
In Ajara tahsil near Rajvada village on Chitri river, Chitri medium
irrigation project was constructed for irrigating 5850 ha area of Ajra tahsil.
Administratively it was approved as a medium project of Rs 12.30 Crore in
1989. MKVDC, Pune gave revised approval in 2000 for Rs 79.94 Crore.
83
Table 3.19 Salient Feature of Chitri Medium Project
Location
River Chitri river tributory of Hyrtanyakeshi
river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Village Raiwada, Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam site 27.85 km²
Average monsoon rain fall 4760 mm
Reservoir
Gross storage 53.414 Mm³
Live storage 52.359 Mm³
Dead storage 1.055 Mm³
Annual utilization 64.454 Mm³
Dam
Length 1569 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 55.11 m
Command Area
Gross command area 13085 ha
Culturable command area 9160 ha
Irrigable command area 5850 ha
Source: Based Silent Features of Chitri Medium Project, 2010.
The project was 1569 m earthen dam with 55.11 m maximum height.
Design water storage capacity is 53.414 Mm³ and live storage of Chitri dam is
52.359 Mm³. Total catchment area of Chitri dam is 27.85 km² and submergence
area is about 301 ha. The water shed area of Chitri project receives average
monsoon rainfall about 4760 mm and annual yield capacity of this dam is
nearly 72.48 Mm³.
7) Chikotra Medium Irrigation Project
Chikotra medium irrigation project is constructed to irrigate 5630 ha land
of Ajara tahsil on Chikotra river tributary of Vedganga river in Krishna basin.
Catchment area up to dam site is 29.03 km² with 297 km² submergence area.
84
Annual average rainfall in catchment area of dam is 2500 mm and 75 per cent
dependable yield is 46.28 Mm³ yearly.
Table 3.20: Salient Features of Chikotra Medium Project
Location
River Chikotra river tributary of
Vedganga river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Zulpewadi,Tal.Ajara, Kolhapur
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam site 29.03 km²
Average monsoon rain fall 2500 mm
Reservoir
Gross storage 43.115 Mm³
Live storage 43.050 Mm³
Dead storage 0.064 Mm³
Annual utilization 46.628 Mm³
Dam
Length 983 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 60.785 m
Command Area
Gross command area 7888 ha
Culturable command area 6863 ha
Irrigable command area 5630 ha
Source: Based on Silent Features of Chikotra Medium Project, 2010.
Chikotra dam is earthen dam with gated spillway 983 m length and
maximum height of dam is 60.785 m. Reservoir gross storage capacity is
43.115 Mm³ and live storage capacity is 43.050 Mm³ and with 0.064 Mm³ dead
storage capacity. Annual utilization of water is 46.628 Mm³ for 5630 ha land.
Irrigation intensity of present project is 100 per cent. Irrigation is available
through lift irrigation from eight KT weirs and 18 pickup weir constructed in
Chikotra river. Chikotra medium irrigation project administratively approved
as medium project in 1997 for Rs 4.28 crore. The revised approval was
sanctioned by government in 2001 of Rs 137.94 crore.
85
8) Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project
In Chandgad tahsil near village Jangamhatti, the present project is
constructed on Tamrparni river. The project was administratively approved for
Rs. 3.50 crore in 1980. In 1996 revised proposal sanction for Rs 26.32 crore.
Table 3.21: Jangamhatti Medium Irrigation Project Salient Features
Location
River Tamraparni river tributory of
Ghataprabha river in Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Jangamhatti, Tal. Chandgad, Kolhapur
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam site 21.40 km²
Average monsoon rain fall 2364 mm
Reservoir
Gross storage 34.21 Mm³
Live storage 33.21 Mm³
Dead storage 1.000 Mm³
Annual utilization 34.21 Mm³
Dam
Length 960 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 31.40 m
Command Area
Gross command area 4952 ha
Culturable command area 4457 ha
Irrigable command area 3700 ha
Source: Based on Silent Features of Jangamhatti Medium Project, 2010
The catchment area of dam is 21.40 km² and submergence land is
476.36 ha. An Earthen dam with ungated spillway 960 m length with 31.40
maximum heights. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 2364 mm and
75 per cent dependable annual yield is shown nearly 34.21 Mm³.
Gross storage capacity of dam is 34.21 Mm³ and live storage capacity is
33.21 Mm³. Dead water storage is about 1.00 Mm³ and annual utilization of
water is 34.21 Mm³. For irrigation purpose project has lift irrigation on 5 KT
weirs which are constructed on Tamraparni river. Gross command area is
86
nearly 4952 ha and culturable command area is about 4457 ha and irrigable
command area occupied nearly 3700 ha.
9) Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project:
Patgaon medium irrigation project is constructed in Bhudargad tahsil for
irrigating land nearly 8100 ICA on river Vedganga. Project was approved as a
medium project in 1977 of Rs 5.40 crore and revised administrative approved
by MKVDC in 2000 of Rs 82 crore. Catchment area up to dam site is 26.08
km² and annual rainfall within dam zone is 5600 mm. Annual 75 per cent
dependable yield is 106.56 Mm³. Land under submergence is 1076.56 ha.
Patgaon dam is earthen dam with ungated spillway 1105 m length and height of
dam is 39.19 m. Dam storage capacity is 105.24 Mm³ and live storage capacity
is 104.772 Mm³. Irrigation intensity is 74 per cent and gross command area is
10882 ha with lift irrigation through 17 KT weirs constructed on Vedganga
river.
Table 3.22: Patgaon Medium Irrigation Project Salient Feature
Source: Based on Silent Features of Patgaon Medium Project, 2010.
Location
Nalla / River Vedganga tributary of Dudhganga in
Krishna basin
Village and Tahsil Village Patgaon Tal. Bhudargad
Hydrology
Total catchment area up to dam site 26.08 km²
Reservoir
Gross storage 105.242 Mm³
Live storage 104.772 Mm³
Dead storage 0.47 Mm³
Annual utilization 111.15 Mm³
DAM
Length 1107 m
Top width 6.50 m
Maximum height of dam 39.19 m
Command Area
Gross command area 10882 ha
Cultivable command area 9998 ha
Irrigable command area 8100 ha
87
10) Other Medium Projects
Basspawadi medium irrigation project is constructed in drought prone Jath
tahsil. Present cost of Bassapawadi project is Rs 2.59 crores. Total storage
capacity of dam is 7.77 Mm³ and utilizable water storage capacity is 6.26,
which is utilized for irrigation purpose.
Yeoti Mhasoli medium project is constructed on Yeoti nalla (stream)
tributary of Mand river near Yeoti village in Karad tahsil for irrigation purpose.
Upstream catchment area of reservoir is 12.95 km² and mean annual runoff is
12.67 Mm³. Average annual rainfall in catchment area is 1455 mm. Yeoti
Mhasoli reservoir is earthen type with maximum height is above lowest point
of foundation is 26 m. Length of dam is 170 m and maximum discharge is
330.31 M³/Sec. Gross storage capacity of reservoir is 7.30 Mm³ and utilizable
storage is 7.05 Mm³. Submergence area of reservoir is 105 ha.
Morna medium project constructed on Morna tributary of Warana at
Upavale village in Shirala tahsil. Catchment area of Morana project is 85.50
km²; average annual rainfall 1028 mm collects 54.54 Mm³ surface water
annually. Morna project is earthen with 30.20 m height above lowest point of
foundation. Length of project is 100 m. and gross storage capacity of project is
15.16 Mm³ with 16.53 Mm³ utilizable storage. Area under submergence is 264
ha supplied water for 2307 ha gross command area. Sidhewadi medium project
is constructed in Tasgaon tahsil. Government of Maharashtra sanctioned Rs
3.18 crore for dam and canal construction. Total storage of Sidhewadi dam is
8.49 Mm³ and utilizable storage is 6.10 Mm³. Water utilization of dam is 2.75
Mm³ for irrigation purpose and 3.35 Mm³ water is reserved for domestic
utilization.
88
Water Storage in Medium Projects (Mm3)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Yera
lwad
i
Ner
Kasa
ri
Kad
av
i
Ku
mb
hi
Ch
itri
Ch
iko
tra
Jan
gam
hatt
i
Patg
ao
n
Medium Projects
Sto
ra
ge (
Mm
3)
Fig.3.5
3.3.3 Minor Projects in Upper Krishna Basin
Minor irrigation projects are constructed and authorized by irrigation
department and Zilla Parishad. Command area of minor irrigation project is
less than 1000 ha. According to command area minor irrigation projects are
classified into four categories on the basis of irrigated command area.
i) More than 250 ha
ii) Less than 250 ha
iii)101 to 250 ha
iv) 0 to 100 ha
Minor irrigation projects are beneficial in various ways like capital
investment, increases the ground water level, maintain ecosystem of the area
and provides jobs for working population at the time of serve droughts. But in
upper Krishna basin distribution of minor irrigation projects is not even
according to water storage capacity and its numbers. The minor dams are more
confined in eastern upper Krishna basin as compared to western part of study
region due to frequently drought condition.
i) More than 250 ha
The minor irrigation projects which occupied more than 250 ha
command area and these projects are constructed by the irrigation department
of state Govt., the available water is utilized for agriculture and domestic
purpose.
89
Table 3.23: Tahsil-wise Distribution of Minor Projects (< 250 ha)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Total
Storage
(Mm³)
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Total
Storage
(Mm³)
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Patan 7 06.65 02.12 Tasgaon 4 13.02 10.48
Jaoli 6 20.66 17.52 Walwa Nil Nil Nil
Karad 6 11.06 10.86 Ajara 2 3.48 03.16
Khatav 3 06.61 05.97 Bhudargad Nil Nil Nil
Wai 1 01.71 01.69 Chandagad 4 21.11 20.82
Koregaon 5 10.75 09.76
Gadhinglaj 5 11.60 11.05
Satara 7 12.76 12.58 Bavada 3 15.18 14.96
Jat 7 23.64 19.17 Hatkanangale 2 02.19 02.02
K.Manhkal 3 05.51 04.55 Kagal 5 05.88 05.66
Kadegaon 6 20.91 17.20 Karveer 5 08.72 08.30
Khanapur 6 16.57 13.21 Panhala 2 13.40 13.15
Miraj 1 02.43 01.98 Radhanagari 1 01.87 01.79
Palus Nil Nil Nil Shahuwadi 4 19.70 19.23
Shirala 3 07.29 06.85 Shirol Nil Nil Nil
Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur
District, 2010.
Total and Utilizable Storage of Minor Irrigation Projects < 250 ha (Mm3)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Pat
an
Kar
ad
Wai
Sat
ara
K.M
anh
kal
Kh
anap
ur
Sh
iral
a
Aja
ra
Gad
hin
gla
j
Hat
kan
angal
e
Kar
vee
r
Rad
han
agar
i
Tahsils
Sto
rag
e (M
m3)
Total Storage (Mm³) Utilizable Storage (Mm³)
Fig. 3.6
90
This category avails total 98 minor irrigation projects in upper Krishna
basin. Distribution of minor irrigation projects in Radhanagari, Ajra and
Panhala tahsils (Kolhapur) in hilly region and Wai, Miraj, and Hatkangale
tahsils of plain region and percentage of minor projects is low and it is less than
02 per cent. The percentage 3 to 5 is observed in Koregaon, Khatav,
Kavathemanhkal, Tasgaon, Shirala, Shahuwadi, Karveer, Kagal, Gadhinglaj,
Bavda and Chandgad tahsils. These tahsils have moderate percentage of minor
irrigation projects. The tahsils Shirol, Walwa, Palus and Bhudargad have not
any minor irrigation project due to drainage network which provides regular
supply of water throughout year for irrigation as well as for other activities and
also ground water level is high except Bhudargad tahsil.
The water storage capacity of minor irrigation projects is 262.70 Mm³ in
these total minor irrigation projects. Tahsils-wise water holding capacity of
such dams differs and it reflects in table 3.22. The tahsils which have water
capacity less than 7 Mm³ includes Wai (1.71 Mm³), Radhanagari (1.87 Mm³),
Hatkanangale (2.19 Mm³), Miraj (2.43 Mm³), Ajra (3.48 Mm³),
Kavathemahankal (5.51 Mm³), Kagal (5.88 Mm³), Khatav (6.61 Mm³) and
Patan (6.6494 Mm³). Shirala, Karveer and Koregaon tahsils are observed their
water storage range between 6 to 10.75 Mm³. The remaining tahsils have the
capacity of water holding about 11 to 23.64 Mm³. Highest water storage is
found in Jat tahsil because the minor irrigation projects are more in numbers.
Out of total water storage 89.11 per cent water is utilizable for various
purposes. Water utilization of minor irrigation project is high for irrigation
(82.11 %) and 1.26 percent water is used for drinking purpose.
ii) Less than 250 ha
Minor irrigation projects command area is less than 250 ha having 128
projects in study region. But a distribution of minor irrigation projects is
uneven. Karad, Palus and Shirol tahsils have no minor irrigation projects. In
Jaoli, Kadegaon, Shirala, Koregaon, Miraj, Walwa, Hatkanangale, Jath, Bavda,
Panhala, and Radhanagari tahsils have less than 03 per cent minor irrigation
projects. Kavathemanhkal, Khanapur, Ajra, Satara and Tasgaon tahsils have 04
to 06 per cent minor irrigation projects out of the study region. Some tahsils of
Satara district namely Satara and Khatav tahsils have high per cent of minor
91
irrigation projects. The hilly region of Kolhapur district, Gadhinglaj,
Shahuwadi and Chandgad tahsils are observed having more than 07 per cent of
projects out of the upper Krishna basin.
Table 3.24: Tahsil-wise Minor Irrigation Projects (Less than 250 Ha)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Total
Storage
(Mm³)
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Total
Storage
(Mm³)
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Patan 14 04.99 04.99 Tasgaon 05 06.40 04.78
Jaoli 12 07.03 06.74 Walwa 02 01.74 01.37
Karad Nil Nil Nil Ajara 04 25.17 24.11
Khatav 08 08.86 06.35 Bhudargad 05 21.45 19.64
Wai 02 02.86 02.55 Chandgad 17 65.83 63.03
Koregaon 05 03.36 03.32 Gadhinglaj 07 16.05 15.98
Satara 01 00.48 00.48 Bavada 03 15.15 14.96
Jat 3 04.69 03.90 Hatkanangale 02 02.19 02.02
K.Manhkal 4 06.30 05.59 Kagal 06 08.55 08.06
Kadegaon 1 01.37 01.37 Karveer 05 08.73 08.09
Khanapur 4 10.50 08.72 Panhala 03 14.39 14.13
Miraj 2 01.58 01.45 Radhanagari 03 11.19 10.69
Palus Nil Nil Nil Shahuwadi 09 43.31 40.99
Shirala 1 01.69 01.50 Shirol Nil Nil Nil
Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur
District, 2010.
Tahsil-wise Water Storage in Minor Projects (Less than 250 ha)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pat
an
Kh
atav
Ko
reg
aon
Jat
Kad
egao
n
Mir
aj
Tas
gao
n
Aja
ra
Ch
and
agad
Bav
ada
Kag
al
Pan
hal
a
Sah
uw
adi
Tahsils
Sto
rag
e (M
m3
)
Total Storage (Mm³) Utilizable Storage (Mm³)
Fig. 3.7
92
Total water storage capacity of minor irrigation projects of this category
is 293.855 Mm³. The Water storage and its distribution are related with rainfall
and number of irrigation project. In Jaoli tahsil (0.48 Mm³) water storage
capacity in present project is very less. Chandgad (17.35 %) tahsil represents
higher number of minor irrigation projects out of the study region and the
factors like high rainfall and high proportion of water storage dams (65.83
Mm³) are the causes which govern such performance (fig.3.7).
iii) 101 to 250 ha
In study area there are 82 minor irrigation projects with irrigation
capacity is more than 101 to 250 ha, but the distribution and storage capacity is
not consistent in each tahsil. Table 3.25 and fig. 3.8 clearly shows Karad tahsil
ranks first (12.19 %) in respect of water storage project, and these projects of
Karad tahsil have storage capacity is 19.04 per cent out of 975.58 Mm³.
Khatav (09.75 %) and Jath (08.53 %) irrigation projects store maximum
surface water 31.30 per cent and 31.35 per cent respectively. In Some tahsils
namely Koregaon, Jaoli, Kadegaon, Shirala and Bhudargad it is observed that
No. of minor irrigation projects are less than 02 per cent and on the other side
Kadegaon, Shirala, Bhudargad, Miraj ,Walwa, Gadhinglaj, Karveer,
Radhanagari, Shahuwadi and Khanapur tahsils have less than 01 per cent water
storage capacity projects.
Tahsil-wise Minor Project in Upper Krishna Basin
(101 to 250 ha)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Pata
n
Kh
ata
v
Sata
ra Jat
Kad
eg
ao
n
Mir
aj
Tasg
ao
n
Aja
ra
Ch
an
dg
ad
Karv
eer
Sah
uw
ad
i
Tahsils
No
. o
f P
ro
jects
Fig. 3.8
93
Table 3.25: Minor Irrigation Project (Local Level 101 to 250 ha)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Utilizable
Storage Mm³ Tahsil
No. of
Project
Utilizable
Storage Mm³
Patan 05 38.42 Tasgaon 05 06.41
Karad 10 185.73 Walwa 02 01.76
Khatav 08 305.39 Ajara 07 06.37
Wai Nil Nil Bhudargad 01 01.07
Koregaon 01 29.42 Chandgad 08 07.69
Satara 05 44.31 Gadhinglaj 02 02.75
Jaoli 01 13.79 Gaganbavada Nil Nil
Jat 07 305.87 Hatkanangale Nil Nil
K.Manhkal 05 08.66 Kagal Nil Nil
Kadegaon 01 01.37 Karveer 02 01.05
Khanapur 04 05.25 Panhala Nil Nil
Miraj 02 01.76 Radhanagri 02 03.73
Palus Nil Nil Shahuwadi 03 03.09
Shirala 01 01.69 Shirol Nil Nil
Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur
District, 2010.
iv) 0 to 100 ha
Minor irrigation projects have irrigation capacity less than 100 ha. in
upper Krishna basin there are 7846 minor irrigation projects constructed under
local level authority. Total water storage capacity of these projects is 1963.8
Mm³ and chief feature of these projects is that mostly they are built in drought
prone tahsils namely Jat (7.21 %), Kavathemanhkal (5.53%), Khatav (5.44%),
and Tasgaon (5.44%). But in hilly and plain region of upper Krishna basin
minor irrigation projects are not more constructed by the authority of local
level.
94
Table 3.26: Minor Irrigation Projects (0 to 100 ha) Local Level
Tahsil No. of
Project
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Tahsil No. of
Project
Utilizable
Storage
(Mm³)
Patan 179 112.77 Tasgaon 415 24.97
Karad 217 414.02 Walwa 342 08.94
Khatav 427 955.23 Ajara 334 08.78
Wai 234 28.38 Bhudargad 291 11.33
Koregaon 326 80.83 Chandgad 254 09.79
Satara 159 19.51 Gadhinglaj 234 09.19
M.shvar 99 38.32 Bavada 160 05.17
Jaoli 190 44.92 Hatkanangale 184 04.76
Jat 566 40.88 Kagal 155 05.10
K.Manhkal 434 26.71 Karveer 189 04.54
Kadegaon 321 18.80 Panhala 289 11.68
Khanapur 358 20.90 Radhanagari 174 04.42
Miraj 241 11.25 Shahuwadi 384 17.03
Palus 198 04.94 Shirol 135 04.78
Shirala 357 15.86 Total 7846 1963.80
Source: Based on Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara, Sangli & Kolhapur
District, 2010.
Surface water availability in study region is unevenly distributed. In
western zone surface water availability in rivers and water projects is high. All
major reservoirs are located in western hilly tahsils due to ideal location. Total
average annual water availability in upper Krishna basin is 21273.98 Mm³.
Water reservoirs are very much important to store surface water. Koyana water
project is important reservoirs (storage capacity 2979.45 Mm³) in study region.
Other major reservoirs in upper Krishna basin store 3260.03 Mm³ water
annually. Medium irrigation projects are distributed in western and eastern part
of study region and all these medium reservoirs storage capacity is 551.82
Mm³. Minor irrigation projects are observed in more numbers with different
size and having storage capacity is 3495.934 Mm³.
95
REFERENCE
Bars, R. L. (1990): Hydrology: An Introduction to Hydrologic Science,
Addison Wesely Publications Co.
Cantor, L. M. (1967): A World Geography of Irrigation, Oliver and Boyd,
London, pp. 40.
Chaturvedi, M. C. (1985): Water Resources Systems Planning Some Case
Studies of for India, Indian Academy of Sciences Bangalore.
Didee, J., et al. (2002): Geography of Maharashtra, Rawat Publications, Jaipur
and New Delhi.
Ghate, R. (?): Maharashtra Segment Report, Invariant dependency on
Common Property Resources at Different Stages of Development: A
Case Study of Water in India, submitted to Center for Multi-
Disciplinary Development Research Dharwar, SHODH: The Institute
for Research and Development Nagpur, Maharashtra p. 8.
Govt. of Maharashtra (2005): Report on, Benchmarking of Irrigation Projects
in Maharashtra-2003-2004, by Water Resources Department
Government of Maharashtra, India.
Govt. of Maharashtra (2007): Water Year Book-2006-2007, Chief Engineer,
Hydrology Project Nashik, Water Resources department, Govt. of
Maharashtra.
Govt. of Maharashtra (1992): Workshop in Water Resources Planning and
Management January 22-24, 1982, Water and Land Management
Institute, Aurangabad.
Govt. of Maharashtra (1998): Diagnostic Analysis of Nirgudi Minor Irrigation
Scheme Second Edition, Water and Land Management Institute,
Aurangabad.
Govt. of Maharashtra (1999): Report on Maharashtra Water and Irrigation
Commission Vol. I to V.
Govt. of Maharashtra (2000): Dams in Maharashtra, Water and Land
Management Institute, Aurangabad.
96
Govt. of Maharashtra (2010): Annual Report of Irrigation Department Satara,
Sangli, Kolhapur, 2010.
Gurjar, R. K., Jat, B.C. (2008): Geography of Water Resources, Rawat
Publications Jaipur, p.48.
Jugale, V.B., Jugale ,Y. V. (2000): Water Management of Krishna Basin,
Centre for Social Studies and Research, Sangli p.19.
Kulkarni, D. G. (1970): River Basins of Maharashtra Orient Longman Co. Ltd.
New Delhi.
Narasaiah, M. L. (2005): Dams and Irrigation, Discovery Publishing House,
New Delhi.
Pawar, C. T. et al. (2008): A Geographical Analysis of Water Quality for
Irrigation in Panchaganga Basin. The Goa Geographer, Research
Journal of Geographer’s Association, Goa (GAG), Volume: V, No.1,
December, 2008. pp. 6-13.
Pawar, D. H. (2010): Availability, Applicability and Important of Water,
Proceedings of Pollution Free Panchganga Valley, Workshop held
Under Rotary International Water Management, Shivaji University and
Z.P. Kolhapur. Sept. 2010, pp.15-17.
Rao, K. L. (1975): India’s Water Wealth, Orient Longman, pp. 39-42.
Subrmanyaa, K. (1994): Engineering Hydrology, Tata McGraw-Hill, Delhi.
www.govmaha.inirrigationdept