THE ART OF MANAGEMENTPROF.DR.AUNG TUN THET
>& SCIENCE
Question
Art or Science?Born or Made?
Answer
Not Either/OrBut Both
Definitions
Definition
“Art of getting things done by others“ Two elements 1. Accomplishment of objectives2. Direction of group activities towards goal
Definition
Weaknesses “Art“ Management both art and science Do not state various functions of manager
clearly
Definition
Process Planning, organizing, actuating and
controlling Determine and accomplish objectives Use of people and resources
Definition
“Process“: systematic way of doing things Four management activities: 1. Planning2. Organizing3. Actuating4. Controlling
Definition
Planning: thinking of actions in advance Organizing: coordination of human and
material resources Actuating: motivation and direction of
subordinates Controlling: no deviation from norm or plan
Definition
Manager uses people and other resources Achieving organization's objectives
Definitions
“… art of knowing what is to be done and seeing that it is done in the best possible manner." (planning and controlling)
“… forecast, plan, organize, command, coordinate and control activities of others."
Definitions
“… process by which co-operative group directs actions towards common goals."
“… process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate purposive organisation through systematic, coordinated and cooperative human efforts."
Definitions
“… coordination of all resources through process of planning, organising, directing and controlling to attain stated goals."
“… social and technical process that utilises resources, influences human action and facilitates changes to accomplish organization's goals."
Definitions
“… process of working with and through others to achieve organizational objectives in a changing environment
… effective and efficient use of limited resources."
Nature of Management
Science
Precision Particular Prescribed Specific body of information and facts
guide behaviours
Art
Personality Ability Certain people more predisposed to be
effective managers Some people not capable of being effective
practicing managers
Management Science or Art?
No tailor-made answer Need to know exact meaning of words
'science' or 'art' Application to management
Management: Art or Science?
Both Certain aspects make it science Others involve application of skills make it art
Management: Art or Science?
Every discipline of art backed by science - basic knowledge
Every discipline of science complete only when used in practice for solving problems
Management: Art or Science?
“Science" - "why" “Art" - "how" "In the area of management, science and art are two sides of the same
coin".
Management: Art or Science?
In beginning of development of management knowledge considered art
Jungle of management knowledge Get things done in own way Codifying and systemizing became
science as well as art
Management as Art
Learned Practiced Performed
Management as Art
Gains experience by continuous application of knowledge and facing new experiences
Develop more skills and abilities for translating knowledge into practice
Management as Art
Application calls for innovativeness and creativity
Theoretical knowledge inadequate or irrelevant
Management as Art
Knowing how to accomplish desired results Body of knowledge management uses to
accomplish desired results
Management as Art
Scientific principles and theories cannot be implemented in actual managerial situations
Rely on social and political environment Use own knowledge of situation, rather than
generic rules
Management as Art
Mangers engaged in very fragmented work Constant interruptions Rare opportunities to quietly consider
managerial issues
Management as Art
Challenging notion that managers behaved rationally and methodically
Use social and political skills to solve problems
Management as Art
Management more than mastery of techniques and skills
Managers understand individuals and motivations
Help achieve goals
Management as Art
Combining management and leadership Not only getting work done Understanding meaning behind work Manager as motivator and facilitator Manager as artist: respond differently to
each employee and situation
Management as Art
Management "liberal art" Fundamentals of knowledge, wisdom, and
leadership Concerned with practice and application Scientific "facts" do not remain stable over
time
Management as Science
Principles, generalizations and concepts systematically developed
Manager manage situation or organization in systematic and scientific manner
Management as Science
Principles, generalizations and concepts formulated on basis of
Observation, research, analysis and experimentation
Management as Science
Relationship of cause and effect Principles codified and systematic,
transferred and taught Principles universally applicable to all types
of organizations
Management as Science
Ideal managerial practices Rational and objective way to determine
correct course of action Manager follow general principles and
theories Creating and testing hypotheses
Management as Science
Scientific management: "one best way" to perform jobs
Processes to evaluate and organize work Reducing inefficiencies Understanding psychology of workers
Management as Profession
Profession
Body of specialized knowledge Systemized and codified form learned
through formal education system Central body formulate code of behaviour
for members
Profession
Competent and specialized services to clients
Maintain scientific attitude and commitment for discovering new ideas and upgrading
Profession
Members exercise restraint and self-discipline
Managers not respected as other professionals - doctors, advocates and chartered accountants
Professionalization of Management
Professionalization of Management
In public companies ownership separated from management and control - contributed to development of management as profession
Rapid expansion and growth of management universities and institutions
Professionalization of Management
High-tech industrial society changes occurred in role of managers
Globalization require professional expertise and specialized knowledge
Professionalization of Management
Increased utilization of specialized management services (e.g. consultancy, human resource development, etc.)
Managers: Born or Made
Managers like Leaders are Made
Not born Good news Brain science (neuroscience),
developmental and social psychology, and learning
Why?
Mindset matters more than Intelligence Genetic lottery vs versatile and growing
Brain Mindset affects Workplace
Training Ineffective
Managers don’t believe person can change Growth Mindset managers learn and help
others learn Mindsets Continuum
Yes, Your Managers Can Change!
Adopting a Growth Mindset Culture Use Feedforward, Not Feedback Language Makes a Difference – Including How You Respond or
Praise
Companies who cannot afford to recruit cream of crop
Human talent cutting edge competitive tool
Grow your own talent Intelligence overrated What matters - mindset and commitment
to effort
Skills and Functions of Manager
Functions
1. Planning2. Organizing3. Staffing4. Coordinating5. Controlling
Skills
Calmness Maturity Friendliness Tolerance Appreciable
Tolerable Adorable Frank Determined Neutral towards means
& ends
How To Manage People
Managing People
More art than science No secret formula or set of rules Personal style Relentless commitment
Managing People
Replace “manager” with “leader” Sense of humour Direct reports people Know strengths and weakness Clear plan of what needs to be done Hire slowly and fire quickly Decisive
Managing People
Communicate expectations Understanding things you can change and things you cannot Different things motivate different people Maintain confidence Consistent Flexible Focus on solutions and not on problems
10 Life Principles
1. Find out who you are2. Reposition yourself for full
effectiveness and fulfilment
3. Find your essential core4. Make your life your end
game5. Too much planning doesn’t
work
1. Know your values7. Define what finishing well
means to you8. Know the difference between
harvesting and planting9. Good intentions not enough;
define results you want10. “No longer learning, no longer
growing”
THANK YOU!THANK YOU!