Download - Prof Ann Williamson - UNSW
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre
Fa#gueManagementforHeavyVehicleDrivers
ProfAnnWilliamsonTransportandRoadSafety(TARS)ResearchCentre
[Presenta8ontoChainofResponsibilityandHeavyVehicleSafetyConference,2017]
TARS
Research
AccordingtoHeavyVehicleNa#onalLaw
Sec#on223:Whatisfa#gue?Fa8gueincludes(butisnotlimitedto)—(a)feelingsleepy;and(b)feelingphysicallyormentally8red,wearyordrowsy;and(c)feelingexhaustedorlackingenergy;and(d)behavinginawayconsistentwithparagraph(a),(b)or(c).
Mainfactorscausingfa8gue
Sleep-related
Timeofday-
relatedFa8gue
Natureoftask-related Crashes
Mainfactorscausingfa8gue
Sleep-related
Timeofday-
relatedFa8gue
Natureoftask-related
Crash
Longhoursofwork
24houropera8ons
Timesensi8vework
Job-relatedfactorscausingfa8gue
Mainfactorscausingfa#gue
Job-relatedfactors
causingfa#gue
Sleep-related
Timeofday-
relatedFa8gue
Natureoftask-related
Crash
Longhoursofwork
24houropera8ons
Timesensi8vework
Drivershortages Increased
outsourcing
Tightprofitmargins
IntenseCompe88on
Largertrucks
Manysmall
companies
Increasedrunningempty
Paidbyon-roadworkoutput
Industry-relatedfactors
• Increasingreportsof8rednessandsleepiness• Nega8veeffectsoncapacitytoperform• Especiallyundercondi8onswhicharemonotonousorintrinsicallylowarousal-problemsof“underload”.
• Inconsistentperformanceincludinglapsesorfailuretosustaina\en8on.
• A\emp8ngtoovercomefa8gueeffectsrequireseffortwhichcanincreasefa8gue
Fa8gue:Theeffects?
Roadfatali8esa\ributabletofa8gue
Figure 7: Worker fatalities: proportion by industry of employer, all years (2003 to 2013 combined) and 2013
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Financial & insurance services Information media & telecommunications
Education & training Professional, scientific & technical services
Accommodation & food services Rental, hiring & real estate services
Health care & social assistance Wholesale trade
Electricity, gas, water & waste services Administrative & support services
Other services Arts & recreation services
Mining Retail trade
Manufacturing Public administration & safety
Construction Transport, postal & warehousing
Agriculture, forestry & fishing
Proportion of worker fatalities
2013 All years
Worksafety
Fatalityrateper100,000workersforworstfourindustries,Australia,2003-2013
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Agriculture,forestry&fishing
(Agriculture)
Transport,postal&warehousing
(RoadTransport)
(RoadFreightTransport)
Mining
Construc8on
Allindustries
FatalityRateper100,000workers
SafeworkAustralia,2014
Roadtransport:aworkplacesafetyproblem
• TheTransport,postal&warehousingindustry– 7.76fatali8esper100000workers– five8mesthena8onalrate.
• TheRoadtransportsectorthree-quartersofthefatali8esin– 75%offatali8esinindustry– 15.99fatalityrate– doubletheratefortheindustryasawhole.
• TheRoadfreighttransportsub-sector.– 28%oftheworkersintheindustrybut74%ofthefatali8es.– 20.46fatali8esper100000workers,– 128mesthena8onalrate– 2.58mesrateforthisindustry.
Currentfa8gueriskmanagementapproach
• Hoursofservice– Prescrip8vetosafetycasemodel(Standardhours,BFM,AFM)
– Enforcementregimethroughworkdiaries,roadsideandrandomchecking(Police,Roadauthorityinspectors)
• Chainofresponsibility– Sharedresponsibility/accountabilityacrosstransportchain
• Na8onalapproach(somewhat)• Predominantlyintransportlaw
NHVR:Aboutchainofresponsibilityv “Ifyouconsign,pack,loadorreceivegoodsaspartofyour
business,youcouldbeheldlegallyliableforbreachesoftheHeavyVehicleNa8onalLaweventhoughyouhavenodirectroleindrivingoropera8ngaheavyvehicle.Thisisthe‘chainofresponsibility’(COR)”.
TheaimofCORis:ensureeveryoneinthesupplychainsharesequalresponsibilityforensuringbreachesoftheHVNLdonotoccur.– Itcoversallpar8esinsupplychainwhoexercise(orhavethecapabilityofexercising)controlorinfluenceoveranytransporttaskandthereforehavearesponsibilitytoensuretheHVNLiscompliedwith.
– Legalliabilityappliestoallpar8esfortheirac8onsorinac8ons.
Whoarethepar#esinthesupplychain?Anypersonwithaninfluenceand/orcontrolinthetransportchainisa‘party’including:
• corpora8ons,partnerships,unincorporatedassocia8onsorotherbodiescorporate
• employersandcompanydirectors• exporters/importers• primaryproducers• drivers(includingabusdriverandanowner-driver)• primecontractorsofdrivers• theoperatorofavehicle• schedulersofgoodsorpassengersfortransportinoronavehicle,andtheschedulerofitsdriver
• consignors/consignees/receiversofthegoodsfortransport• loaders/unloadersofgoods• loadingmanagers(thepersonwhosupervisesloading/unloading,ormanagesthepremiseswherethisoccurs).
Freightforwarders/Consigners
Employers/Schedulers
Drivers/Contractors
Freightreceivers
Customer
Police/RMSInspectors
Law/Rules/NHVL
Police/RMSInspectors
CoR?
CoR?
Yes • Na8onalconsistency
(almost)
No
• Hoursofworkallowedaretoolong
• Lawfailstoacknowledgecontextualandwork-relatedinfluences
Does current Heavy Vehicle Law make us safer?
Hours of Service …
Ø Verylonghoursofworkarepermi\edcomparedtoanyotherindustry,andwithtooli\le8meforrest/recovery
• Standard=12hrsworkin24,72hrs/week,7hrcon8nuousrestin24• BasicFa8gueManagement(BFM)=14hrsworkin24,84hrs/week,7(6+2)con8nuousrestin24
(IndustrialAwardsallow35-38hrsperweek)
Itsaboutwork….
v Heavyvehiclesareusedforwork.
v Theroadisaworkplacev Heavyvehicledriversdosoto
earnalivingv Companiesmovefreightto
makemoney
Recognising context of driving/moving freight
• Mostdrivers(65%)paidonlyfordriving-relatedwork(bytriporload)
• Fewpaidforloading(<50%),orwai8ng/queueing(<26%)• Remunera8onbasedoncompe88vepressuresforloads,
nottheworktaskrequired-Enormousdifferencesinremunera8onforloadsbetweendifferentcentres(MelbtoanywhereVsanywheretoMelb)
• Manytripscostedatratesbelowbreakeven!
Prac8ceimplica8onsofwork-relatedness
Evidence…………You decide
But do these characteristics allowed by the current Heavy Vehicle Law make us less safe?
• Driversaredoinglongerhours
• 53.8%driversdo>70hrsperweek
• BFM(allowedin2008),now65%driversworkit
è whenweallowlongerhours:
industrytakesthem
Allowing long hours and limited remuneration…..
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1991 1998 2006 2013
Meanho
ursw
orkedpe
rweek
Surveyreported
Meanhoursworkedperweek
• Fa8gueisacommonexperiencefordrivers– 72%onatleastsometrips– 55.2%onthelasttrip
• Safety-relatedeventsarealsocommon.Driverreports:– 49%crossingoverlanelines– 45%near-misses– 36%noddingoffwhiledriving– 14%run-off-roadevents
• Especiallywheredriverreportsfa8gueascommon
è thereareadverseeffectsofcurrentprac8ces
Does allowing long hours matter…..?
• 5surveysshow:-longhoursfordrivers=greaterfa8gue
• 3surveysshow:-trip-basedpayment=longerhoursandgreaterfa8gue(***butdidnotearnmore!)– Samefornopayforloading/wai8ng
Demonstratedlinkbetweencontext/hoursandadversesafetyoutcomes
Paymentsandfa8gue
Survey1(1991)
Survey2(1999)
Survey3(2006)
Survey4(2012)
Survey5(2013)
Hrs/wk 62.6 57.8 55.9 ? 68.6%>72hrsperweek 30.1% 22.6% 16% 53.8%* 29.4%
Experiencefa#gueonatleasthalfoftrips
56.0% 30.9% ? 72% 70%
Fa#gueonlasttrip 50.6% 45% ? ? 55.2%
Paymentbytrip >50% 68.3% 76% ? 65%
Characteristics of driver work and fatigue experiences
*Responsecategorywas70-99hrs
Paymentsandfa8gue
Fa#gueonatleasthalfoftrips Fa#gueonlasttrip
Survey1(1991)
Survey2(1999)
Survey3(2013)
Survey1(1991)
Survey2(1999)
Survey3(2013)
Paymentbyresult
53.5% 32.6% 30.8% 58.6%
Paymentby#me
28.9% 18.8% 16.2% 43.8%
p<0.001 p<0.001 P<0.001 p<0.001 ns P<0.001
Relationship between payment type and fatigue
• 5surveysshow:-longhoursfordrivers=greaterfa8gue
• 3surveysshow:-trip-basedpayment=longerhoursandgreaterfa8gue(butdidnotearnmore!)– Samefornopayforloading/wai8ng
• Crashcase-controlstudyshowedpredictorsofcrashes:– Emptyloads(x2-3)– Nightdriving(x3)– Nobreakfor>4hrs(x2-3)
Demonstratedlinkbetweencontext/hoursandadversesafetyoutcomes
Rela8onship-Externalpressuresandsafety
Produc8vity-based
remunera8on
Needtocompletefreighttaskquickly
Speeding
LongdistancesIrregularworking
hoursetc
Fa8gue
S8mulantuse
CrashesPressures Payment style etc
Work practices of drivers/company
Unsafe outcomes
Compe88on
Tightmargins
Poormaintenance
What do we need to do about it? NOT
– Focusontechnology(withoutalsodealingwithcontext)
– Telldriversthatitsallaboutsleep(prescribedhrsdonotallowenough8me)
– Tougherenforcement(withoutalsodealingwithcontext)
What do we need to do about it? MUST-ExpandourfocustoincludeWHSissues
Produc8vity-based
remunera8on
Needtocompletefreighttaskquickly
Speeding
LongdistancesIrregularworkinghours
etc
Fa8gue
S8mulantuse
CrashesPressures Payment style etc
Work practices of drivers/companies
Unsafe outcomes
Compe88on
Tightmargins
Poormaintenance
What do we need to do about it? (if we really want to)
• Explorewaysofaddressingpressuresduetoworkcontext– Reviewprescribedwork-resthours(again)– Reviewinfluenceofmo8vatorsforunsafeprac8ces:
• Payingdriversforallwork(driving,nondrivingwork,backloads)
• Cos8ngbasedonrealcosts• Avoidpressuresbasedon‘opera8onalneed’blinding
awareness/recogni8onofgoodsafetyprac8ces• InvolveWHS
è Tacklethecausesofthesesafetyproblems
OWNER-DRIVERS SHOULDN'T BE PAID FOR FATIGUE BREAKS, COMMISSION RULES
NSWIndustrialRela8onsCommissionruledthatowner-driversworkingundertheTransportIndustry–GeneralCarriersContractDetermina7onwerenoten8tledtoreceivepaymentforfa8guebreaksonthebasisthat,likemealbreaks,theyarean
interrup8ontoworkanddefinedasnotwork,soshouldnotbepaid.
• Exampleofroadandworkplaceperspec8vesnotworkingtogether…..
ATN,BradGardner25.06.2014
Thankyou
(Not funny)