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Production of Bio-Diesel Using Vegetable Oils
P M V SubbaraoProfessor
Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Maximize Yield & Quality ….
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Characterization of Derived Bio-resources
• Pongamia oil
• De-oiled cake
• Shells
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Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry
C63 H122O6
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Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry
• The molecular formula is a triglyceride molecule that contains multiple Carbon double bonds.
• A molecule with multiple Carbon double bonds tends to be more reactive under heated conditions than a molecule containing fewer or no double bonds.
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Metathesis reactions for Molecular Cracking
Also called Double-replacement reactions.
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The Reaction
• The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (or biodiesel) and crude glycerol.
• The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is a reversible reaction so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction towards the right and ensure complete conversion.
• In general a titration is carried out to find out how much alkaline is needed to completely neutralize any free fatty acids present, thus ensuring a complete transesterification.
• Empirically 6.25 g/L NaOH produces a very usable fuel.
• One uses about 6 g NaOH when the VO is light in colour and about 7 g NaOH when it is dark in colour.
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ReactorMixture
Vegetable oil
Methanol
NaOH
Water washing
BiodieselPure Biodiesel
Water removal
Separator
Glycerol Crude Biodiesel
CondenserWater in Water out
Methanol Recovery
Block diagram of the base catalyzed transesterification process of vegetable oil
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Motor
Heater
Thermostat
Temperature indicator
Stand
Oil+Alchohol+
NaOH
Water
Biodiesel
Water
Heater
Air
Valve
Water
Diagram of the Small Capacity biodiesel Reactor
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Dept of Mechanical Engg.,IIT Delhi
Biodiesel reactor (~1000 ml capacity)
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BIODIESEL REACTOR
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Separating unit : Jatropha Bio-diesel
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Water washing of biodiesel
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Dept of Mechanical Engg.,IIT Delhi
Effect of the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on biodiesel yield and viscosity
50
60
70
80
90
100
2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.32 2.40Sodium hydroxide(g)
% B
iod
iesel
yie
ld
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Vis
co
sit
y, c
St
YieldViscosity
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Mid-sem PresentationBy
Sanjib Kumar RoyMechanical Engineering,
IIT Delhi
Effect of methanol quantity on biodiesel yield and viscosity
0
20
40
60
80
100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Methanol (ml.)
% B
iod
iesel
yie
ld
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Vis
co
sit
y, c
St
YieldViscosity
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Temperature(oC)
Base (g)
Methanol (ml)
Time (hr)
Viscosity (cSt)
% Yield
65 2 72 2.5 3.70 99
Corrected optimal values by changing the reaction time
20
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Reaction time in hours
yield
of b
iodi
esel
in %
OPTIMAL VALUES FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
22.5
33.5
44.5
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Reaction time in hours
visco
sity i
n sq
uire m
m/s
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VISCOSITY TESTING FOR KARANJA,BIODIESEL AND DIESEL
S no Name of the oils
Quantity(ml)
Temperature
(0c)
Time
(sec)
Viscosity(cst)
Remarks
1 Karanja oil
100 40
60
80
198
122
93
20.5
13.2
10.0
With increase of temperature ,viscosity decreases and more bright and lighter
2 Bio-diesel
100 40
60
80
48.5
41
36
5.2
4.4
3.8
Darkness decrease in increase of temperature
3 Diesel 100 40
60
80
46
36
34
4.9
3.83.6
More bright in increase of temperature
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Measurement of Calorific Value : Bomb Calorimeter
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Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and karanja oil.
S/no Name of oils
CV
Mi/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C)
Cloud point (0C)
Pour point (0C)
1 Karanja oil
36.00 20.18 0.921 230 270 _ _
2 Bio-diesel 38.02 4.7 0.875 185 225 21 8
3 Diesel 43.47 4.2 0.825 135 150 _ _
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Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and Jatropha oil.
S/no Name of oils CV
Mi/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C)
1 Jatropha oil
39.66 14.6
0.905 209 326
2 Bio-diesel 36.29 4.06 0.865 185 217
3 Diesel 43.47 4.2 0.825 135 150
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Comparison of Properties of Bio-diesel, Diesel and Linseed oil.
S/no Name of oils
CV
MJ/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C)
1 Linceed oil 39.20 29.4 0.903 231 244
2 Bio-diesel 40.13 3.85 0.850 163 176
3 Diesel 43.47 4.2 0.825 135 150
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Comparison of Properties of Different Bio-diesels.
S/no Name of oils
CV
MJ/kg
Viscosity at 400c
(cst)
Specific gravity
(mg/ml)
Flash point (0C)
Fire point (0C)
1 Linceed 40.13 3.85 0.850 163 176
2 Jatropha 36.29 4.06 0.865 185 217
3 Karanjia 38.02 4.7 0.875 185 225
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Energy Audit of Sub-Species of Pongamia Fruit Collections : 1ton of Bio-Diesel
• Mass of produce: 6.3 tons (100%).
• Mass of Bio Diesel: 1 ton (16%).
• Mass of cake : 2.15 tons (35%).
• Mass of Shells : 3.15 tons(49%).
• Total Energy value of Bio-diesel: 38 GJ (30%)
• Total Energy value of Cake: 40.8GJ (32.4%)
• Total Energy value of Shells: 47.25GJ (37.6%)