Download - Problem solving and PBL
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WELCOME
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PRESENTED BYMISS ANJALI CHATURVEDI
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TOPIC PRESENTATION ON PROBLEM SOLVING & PBL
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INTRODUCTIONProblem solving is a process that
includes the components of critical thinking and decision-making. It tries to identify and correct the underlying problem in situations. Problem solving requires that a lot of time and energy we spent on identifying the real problem. The most common cause of failure to solve a problem is the improper identification of the problem.
A symptom of a problem is often misidentified as the problem. When you resolve a symptom, the problem will resurface.
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DEFINITIONA systematic approach to
defining the problem (question or situation that presents uncertainty, perplexity or difficulty) and creating a vast number of possible solution without judging these solutions.
OR
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CONT -Problem solving is a tool, a skill and a process;It is a TOOL because it can
help you solve an immediate problem or to achieve a goal.
It is a SKILL because once you have learnt it you can use it repeatedly.
It is also a PROCESS because it involves taking a number of steps.
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CRITICAL THINKINGCritical thinking is an intellectual
process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analysing, synthesizing, or evaluating information. The information can be gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication. Critical thinking is taught and used continuously in nursing, so the nurse can apply that process to manage the situations.
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DECISION MAKING
The act of narrowing down the possibilities, choosing a course of action, and determining the action’s potential consequences.
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BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM SOLVINGBefore understand the method of
problem solving process it is very important to know about the problem.
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PROBLEM
A problem is a part of a situation, that has some kind of barrier, so that it cannot complete its function and cannot reach its purpose (Shibata, 1998).
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CAUSES &
SYMPTOMS OF THE PROBLEM
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CONT-The symptoms of the problem
have been treated. OrThe causes of the problem has
been isolated.Sure symptoms treatment not a
solution but once you have found the real cause of a problem you can decide how to deal with it.
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METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
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STEP-1 SETTING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT
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DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM
Defining the problem is a crucial step that involves digging deeper to identify what it is that needs to be solved. Diagnose the situation so that your focus is on the problem, not just its symptoms.
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CHOOSE WHAT YOU WOULD DO FIRST FROM THE LIST:-write down a list of possible causes.
Write down everything you know about the problem.
View the problem from different perspective.
Identify the component of the problem.
State the problem clearly and specifically.
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SETTING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-A problem statement is a single
sentence embraces your understanding of the problem.
Not the cause of the problem, but the problem it self.
Setting the problem statement is the single most important action you will take in the whole problem solving process.
It is important that you must be prepare to put in time and effort to get it right.
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NECESSITY OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-A clear problem statement enables you to decide what work must be completed to find the cause.
Keeping the problem statement visible during the search for the causes and keeps effort focused in the right area.
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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT:-
It must be in a single sentence.
Precise.Understandable to a person
with no knowledge of the problem area.
Based on the description of the problem.
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STEP 2
ANALYZE THE PROBLEM
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CONT -
In this step you are aiming to develop a detailed specification of the problem.
It also determine who is involved and when and how often the problem occurs.
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CONT -
The purpose of this is to determine, what the problem is not.
If things are going well, then they cannot be part of the problem.
By analysing what is right you can eliminate potential causes of the problem and limit the scope of your investigation.
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STEP 3IDENTIFY MANY POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS & CHOOSE THE BEST SOLUTION
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THE ROLE OF QUESTIONS
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--A systematic approach to questioning, ensure you don’t miss any important areas.-If you don’t ask the right questions, you can’t possibly get the right answers.-The best questions nearly always start with:WHAT? WHY? WHEN?WHO? WHERE? HOW MUCH?-Because such questions cannot be answered with a single word, but require some form of comment.
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HOW DO YOU DECIDE WHICH QUESTION TO ASK
Essentially your problem statement and description of the problem are the best starting points for generating questions.
Some techniques are also important for arising the questions;
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BRAINSTROMING
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-Brainstorming is a process of group discussion to produce the ideas.
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-To generate as many ideas as possible about:-• The overall nature of the problem.• The actions to be taken to solve the
problem.• Possible causes of the problem.• Specific aspects of the problem.- A member of the group gives an idea, you know it is completely irrelevant. What should you do?• Write down the idea as stated.• Modify the idea to make it relevant.
Ask the members of the group whether they think the idea is relevant.
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EXAMPLESHow could we improve access to healthy food in our community?
How could we improve school attendance?
How might we limit cold and flu transmission among students?
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BUG LISTING
When listing the things they liked, the group got a very different set of ideas.
It is quick and easy to use and very useful for getting a feel about the problem.
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REVERSALS
“REVERSALS” is a simple technique for a change to an opposite direction or course of action.
You simply take an issue that you planned to brainstorm and reverse it.
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EXAMPLES-How to attract more customers
into my store?How to reduce the number of
customers visiting my store?How to improve the quality of
customer service?How to reduce the quality of
customer service?
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STEP 4
PLAN OF ACTION
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During this step, you determine what steps must be taken, designating tasks where necessary. And you decide on deadlines for completing the actions and estimate the costs of implementing them. Typically, this stage involves narrowing down the possible ways to implement the solution you’ve chosen, based on any constraints that apply. The complexity of the plan will depend on the situation, but it should include the who, what, and when of your proposed solution.
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STEP 5IMPLEMENT THE SOLUTION
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STRATEGIES USED IN PROBLEM SOLVING
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-Describe a problem and then encourage learners to scan all the elements of a situation.--Encourage learners to list basic questions to use in solving a problem such as:• Who can help for solve the
problem?• Where can information about the
problem be found?• How many solutions to the
problem are there?
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CONT -Provide practice for learners
in listening empathically to other’s ideas and in being critical of their own.
Encourage learner to continue to generate solutions to a problem.
Ask learners to go to a new place or person each day for ideas.
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SOLVING A PROBLEM INVOLVES A NUMBER OF COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES
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CONT-Ascertaining what the
problem really isIdentifying the true causes of
your problem Generating creative solutions
to the problemEvaluating and choosing the
best solutionImplementing the best
solution.
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BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE PROBLEM SOLVING
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CONT-Failure to recognize the
problem.Conceiving the problem to
narrowly.Making a hasty choice.Failure to consider all
consequences.Failure to consider the
flexibility of the solution.
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PROBLEM BASED LEARNING OR PBL
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INTRODUCTION ON PBL
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CONT -
Problem based learning is a type of instruction, in that students work together to solve real – world problems in their schools and communities.
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CONT-
They clarify the facts of the case.
They define what the problem is.
They brainstorm ideas based on the prior knowledge.
They identify what they need to learn to work on the problem, what they do not know (learning issues).
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DEFINITION OF PBL
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CONT-PBL is a curriculum development
and delivery system that recognizes the need to develop problem solving skills as well as the necessity of helping students to acquire necessary knowledge and skills.
PBL is a term describing techniques that make students take an active, task, oriented and self-directed approach to their own learning. It can also provide student with insight into the research process.
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HISTORY OF THE PBL
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CONT-Problem based learning became a feature of medical education during the 1960s and has since been taken up in field of professional training (ex. Nursing, architecture, engineering ). The “authentic” PBL was first systematized by medical educationalists at MC master university Ontario, Canada.
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CONCEPT OF THE PBL
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CONT -PBL prepare the students to
think critically, analytically and to find and appropriate learning resources.
It shifts focus from the teacher to the students.
“Problems” in PBL are typically in the form of cause, narratives of complex, real world challenges common to the being studied.
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PRINCIPLES OF PBL
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CONT -Problems develop “problem –
solving skills”.Teacher are facilitators and
guides. New information is acquired
through self – directed learning.
Eight to ten participants are necessary.
Staff set the problems and students attempts to receive them.
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CONT -Independence of enquiry. Student solve the problem by using guidelines to approach the problem.
Student meet the tutor weekly or biweekly.
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STAGES OR PROCESS OF THE PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
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STAGE 1ST -
UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM
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CONT -Do I understand what is being
asked to me?What do I know about the
problem?How would I describe/define
this problem?What are the issues and
component?What solutions are possible?
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STAGE 2ND -
LEARNING ABOUT THE PROBLEM
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CONT - What do we need to know in
order to evaluate the possible solution?
Who will collect which information?
What resources are available?How can I teach this, to my
group members?
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STAGE 3RD
SOLVING THE PROBLEM
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CONT -
How to apply my new knowledge to solve the problem?
What documentation is required?
What similar problem could I solve this way?
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STAGE 4TH
REFLECTING ON THE PROCESS
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CONT - What went well?What would I do differently next
time?How does this problem related
to others I have experience?What have I learned that can
apply to the real world and other problem?
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ROLE OF TEACHER IN PBL
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CONT -
PBL is student centred. The instructor’s role can be to model different kind of problem solving strategies.
The tutor acts as a facilitator and resource person.
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CONT -The tutor adopts the role of “
information broker” during the learning process, responding with guidance as necessary.
He acts as modeller, negotiator, mediator, evaluator, director, activator and listener.
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ROLE OF THE STUDENTS
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CONT -Engage with problem, identify
what is known and what they don’t know.
Students must understand they are responsible for research and they have to be active.
Make self – assessment throughout the process.
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CONT -Cooperatively organize and
seek information.Develop maturity and decision
– making skill.
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REQUIREMENTS OF THE PBL
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CONT -Students must have the
responsibility for their own learning.
Learning should be integrated from a wide range of discipline or subjects.
Activities must be those valued in the real world.
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CONT -Examination measures
student progress toward the goal of the PBL.
Collaboration is essential.PBL/problem based learning
must be the pedagogical base in the curriculum.
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IMPORTANCE OF PBL IN NURSING
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CONT -Prepare the nurse to manage
changes in health care.Develop lifelong skill to be
transferred into the clinical practice.
Enquiry based learning.Promotes ethics, partnership,
creativity and group process.It improves the nurses self –
directed independent learning.
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USE OF PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
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