Download - Principles, Standards & Practices
Principles, Standards & Practices
Foundations of Recreation, Parks, Tourism
And Leisure Services
Wisdom grows as knowledge shrinks, and facts are swallowed up in
principles.--Dr. Edsko Jerry Dyksterhuis
Texas A&M University, 1968
What is Knowledge¨ Plato defined knowledge as "justified true
belief". ¨ It is expertise, and skills acquired by a
person through experience or education. ¨ The term knowledge is used to mean the
confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use it for an appropriate application or purpose.
What is Wisdom?¨ Accumulated knowledge, gained through a
combination of academic study and personal experience, that goes beyond knowledge by representing broader, more generalized rules and schemas for understanding a specific domain or domains; wisdom allows you to understand how to apply concepts from one domain to new situations or problems.
¨ Source: myphliputil.pearsoncmg.com/student/bp_jessup_ist_1/JessupGlossary.html
¨ accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment
¨ the trait of utilizing knowledge and experience with common sense and insight
¨ ability to apply knowledge or experience or understanding or common sense and insight
¨ the quality of being prudent and sensible
¨ The ability to use knowledge for a purpose.
What is a Principle?¨ The Law of Nature by which a system
operates.¨ A rule of conduct, especially of right
conduct.¨ A fundamental truth, law, doctrine, or
motivating force, upon which others are based.
¨ Synonyms: rule, law, theory, notion, dogma, tenet, assumption
What is a Standard?¨ Something established for use as a rule or
basis of comparison in measuring or judging capacity, quantity, content, extent, value, quality, etc.
¨ Anything recognized as correct by common consent, by approved custom, or by those most competent to decide.
¨ A level or grade of excellence or attainment, regarded as a goal or measure of adequacy
¨ Synonyms: criterion, benchmark, model, paradigm, yardstick, pattern, measure
What is a Practice?¨ The exercise of a profession or occupation¨ A frequent or usual action, habit, or usage¨ The doing of something, often as an
application of knowledge¨ Synonyms: custom, way, tradition, system,
habit, routine, procedure, ritual
What are some examples of Principles?¨ Conduct—¨ Science & mathematics—¨ Nature & environment—¨ Society & Law—
What are some examples of Standards?¨ Quality—
– Water– Air– Food Storage
¨ Maintenance– Cars and Machinery– Home repairs
¨ Parks--Acres per 1000 population
What are some examples of Practices?¨ Playground equipment—¨ Graffiti & Vandalism—¨ Drainage Erosion—¨ Golf courses—¨ Buildings
– Interior– Exterior– Foundation
How are standards set?¨ Criteria Used
– Safety– Aesthetics– Practicality, etc.
¨ Who sets & determines extent of compliance?– Roles of Society and Law
¨ What is included in a standard?
Written Statements of Principle¨ A principle is a linguistic statement—not a
single word. “Safety” may imply the existence of a principle or set of principles, but the word itself does not constitute a statement of Principle.
¨ “Safety of visitors and employees is of paramount importance in park/tourism management.” is a linguistic statement which defines an operating principle.
¨ Sometimes, principles may be defined by a shorter catchy phrase such as “Graffiti begets graffiti.”
¨ A more appropriate linguistic statement might be “The presence of graffiti or vandalism tends to promote or engender more of the same.”
Where can we find standards for maintenance?¨ Talk to professionals in the field¨ Books and periodicals, especially those
with a professional orientation¨ The internet¨ Equipment suppliers¨ Laws, rules and regulations
What kinds of problems do we encounter in using standards?
¨ Undefined measurements¨ Interpretation of the words used¨ Ambiguous or conflicting statements¨ Time when checked for compliance
Wisdom grows as knowledge shrinks, and facts are swallowed up in
principles.--Dr. Edsko Jerry Dyksterhuis
Texas A&M University, 1970
Check Your Understanding¨ Who founded the first institute of higher
learning? Where? When?¨ How do the terms Wisdom and Knowledge
differ? Define them and give an example.¨ How do the terms Principle, Standard, and Practice differ? Define each and give an example.
¨ How are standards derived?
Who was Plato?
Did you study Plato?
Or did you miss that class
because of some unfortunate
circumstances?
Is Plato Relevant Today?
Who was Plato?¨ A Greek philosopher taught
by Socrates, his most famous pupil was Aristotle.
¨ He founded the Academy in Athens in 387 BC, the first institution of higher learning, which was closed in 529 AD by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I.
¨ Remembered for his Dialogues.
¨ The Key to the Class– (also the end of the show)