Download - Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 11
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Specialized Business Information Systems
Chapter 11
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge• Handle complex situations• Solve problems when important information is
missing• Determine what is important
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Nature of Intelligence
• React quickly & correctly to new situations • Understand visual images• Process & manipulate symbols• Be creative & imaginative• Use heuristics
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Difference Between Natural and Artificial Intelligence
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Major Branches of ArtificialIntelligence
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
An Overview of Expert Systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Characteristics of an Expert System
• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions• Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships• Can provide portable knowledge• Can deal with uncertainty• Not widely used or tested
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Characteristics of an Expert System
• Limited to relatively narrow problems• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge• Possibility of error• Cannot refine its own knowledge• May have high development costs• Raise legal and ethical concerns
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Capabilities of an Expert Systems
• Strategic goal setting• Planning• Design• Decision-making• Quality control and monitoring• Diagnosis
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Capabilities of Expert Systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
When to Use Expert Systems
• High payoff• Preserve scarce expertise• Distribute expertise• Provide more consistency than humans• Faster solutions than humans• Training expertise
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Components of an Expert System
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Knowledge Base
• Assembling human experts
• The use of fuzzy logic
• The use of rules
• The use of cases
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Knowledge Base
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Inference Engine
• Backward chaining
• Forward chaining
• Comparison of backward and forward chaining
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Use of Rules
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Components of an Expert System
• The explanation facility• The knowledge acquisition facility• The user interface
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expert Systems Development
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems
• Domain expert• Knowledge engineer• Knowledge user
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Domain Experts
• Recognize the real problem• Develop a general framework for problem solving• Formulate theories about the situation• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem• Know when to break the rules or general principles• Solve problems quickly and efficiently
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Expert Systems Development Alternatives
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence
• Credit granting and loan analysis• Stock picking• Catching cheats and terrorists• Budgeting
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence
• Information management and retrieval• Games• Virus detection• Hospitals and medical facilities
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Virtual Reality
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Virtual Reality
• Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Segway
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Interface Devices
• Head-mounted display (HMD)• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)• CAVE• Haptic interface
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Forms of Virtual Reality
• Mouse-controlled navigation• Stereo projection systems• Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
glasses
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Useful Applications
• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists
• Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance
• Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Useful Applications
• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Other Specialized Systems
• Segway Personal Transporter
• Adaptive brain interface technology
• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
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Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition
Summary
• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain
• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience
• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior
• Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment
• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways. For example, Segway