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Principles of Design
Instructor: Deborah Ogden
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Vitruvius (1st century B.C.E.)Utilitas Firmitas Venustas
Utilitas = usefulness Firmitas = sturdiness Venustas = beauty or aesthetics
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Function (Utilitas) A chair isn’t functional unless it can be sat
upon A chair’s function also includes comfort, shape
and size A space designed as a store or a boutique
should be well suited for that use An object or space should meet minimum
requirement, or exceed the minimum
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Function Excellent Example
Size and shape of space well suited to purpose Placement and choice of furniture support use Circulation well planned and convenient Good lighting Satisfactory acoustical environment
Unsatisfactory Example Size and shape awkward and inconvenient Placement and choice of furniture inappropriate Awkward circulation patterns Unsatisfactory lighting Excessive noise and distraction
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Structure and Durability (Firmitas) A chair may function as a chair but not last for
six months (not durable) A paper cup can be well designed but only last
for one use (suitable for its purpose) Consider maintenance costs, cleaning,
reupholstery Life time cost of use is a factor
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Structure and Materials Excellent Example
Choice of materials supports functional performance
Adequate durability and ease of maintenance Construction of good quality Cost of construction appropriate Consideration of safety and environmental
conditions Unsatisfactory Example
Materials unsuitable to intended uses Materials subject to rapid wear and hard to
maintain Construction obviously shoddy Construction excessive in cost Dangerous and hazardous conditions possible
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Aesthetics (Venustas) Hard to measure or quantify Our standards of beauty change Consider appropriateness Possible to evaluate in terms of design
principles Sometimes easier to evaluate in a photograph
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Aesthetics Excellent Example
Character and atmosphere appropriate to use Time and place of design expressed Character and quality of materials and
construction honestly expressed Design intentions clear and strongly developed
Unsatisfactory Example Unsuitable atmosphere and visual character False or obscure expression of time and place Materials and structure falsified or obscured Design intention vague or confused
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Natural Design Design made by plants, animals, geology,
weather, etc.
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Vernacular Design Design developed collectively and over time Igloo, yurt, teepee, totem poles, Stonehenge
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Technological Design Designed for function rather than aesthetics Also called “machine art” Gears, fire hydrants, motors Does not include technology with product
designers involved (i.e.: modern automobiles or computers)