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Principles of Conservation Biology
BIOL 4160
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Biodiversity
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Biodiversity
Species Diversity
Genetic Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity
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Species Diversity
What is a species anyway?o A group of individuals that is morphologically,
physiologically, or biochemically distinct from other groups. Morphological Species Concept
o A group of individuals that can potentially interbreed in the wild and don’t (usually) interbreed with other species. Biological Species Concept
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Difficulties with morphology
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Species definitions can be tricky....
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How do we classify species?
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Taxonomy
The practice and science of classification
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http://www.barcodeoflife.org/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU1ru9H332s
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Speciation vs. Extinction
Present rate of extinction: 100-1000 times faster than rate of speciation
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Back to looking at species diversity
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Figure 2.9
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Ecosystem Diversity
Ecosystem: a biological community, together with its associated physical and chemical environment
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Species interactions
CompetitionPredationMutualismSymbiosis
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Food webs
Fig 2.13
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Species “importance”
Figure 2.14
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Loss of keystone species, like otters, can drastically altering ecosystem dynamics
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Ecosystem Engineers
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Ecosystem Engineers
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Keystone Resources (examples)
Deep pools in streams and springs
Salt licks and mineral pools
Hollow trees
Rotting wood
What else?
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Ecosystem dynamics
Resistance: ability to maintain the same state with ongoing disturbance
Resiliance: ability to return to the original state following a disturbance
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Patterns of Biological Diversity
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Tropical rainforestsTropical rainforests7% world7% world’’s land areas land area>50% world>50% world’’s speciess species5-30 million insect species5-30 million insect species1,300 bird species (not incl. 1,300 bird species (not incl. migrants or island endemics)migrants or island endemics)
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Contains 28/35 animal phyla on earth todayContains 28/35 animal phyla on earth todayIncredibly high productivityIncredibly high productivity
Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef400 coral spp400 coral spp1500 fish spp1500 fish spp4,000 mollusks4,000 mollusks252 birds252 birds6 turtles6 turtles
mid-Atlantic Seaboardmid-Atlantic Seaboard250 fish spp250 fish spp
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Factors influencing diversity
ClimateEnvironmentTopographyGeological ageOthers?
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Species richness
Climate and Environment
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Species richness
Complex Topography
Great geological age
Topography, Geological Age, Habitat Size
Habitat size
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Correspondence in species richness between different groups of organisms
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Habitat size can have a large effect – Indian Ocean and west Pacific have a much larger reef area and correspondingly high richness compared to the west Atlantic
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FranceThailan
d
674,843 km2
104 mammal species283 bird species
513,120 km2
241 mammal species971 bird species11625 plant species
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Why so many species in the tropics?
1) Solar Energy, abundant rainfall leads to high productivity and large resource base
2) Longer periods of stability
3) Warm temperature, high humidity favorable for growth
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Why so many species in the tropics?
4) High competition, high niche specialization due to predictability of environment
5) Pressure from parasites, disease
6) Large geographic area
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How many species are there?
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2006
2010
Vertebrates – 62,305Invertebrates – 1,305,250Plants – 321,212Fungi – 74-120,000
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Canada