Download - Primo Theory Level 11
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Srodf Ugmfry
@mvm`
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Gfw tf ]sm tgos Affi
L`tgfukg sfdm fh tgm `mvm`s ob tgos smroms glvm obtmrlntovm nlplao`otoms mlng `mvm` wls emsokbme tf smrvm pmrhmnt`y wm`` ls l stlbe$l`fbm
tmxt" Ugm obtmrlntovm wma lpps lrm lb mbglbnmdmbt bft l rmquormdmbt hfr tgm nfdp`mtofb fh tgm mxmrnosms" Ugmy smrvm tf rmobhfrnm
lbe sf`oeohy mlr trlobobk sio``s"
Ugm ^f`f Mlr Urlobobk Mxmrnosms
Dlby fh tgm mlr trlobobk mxmrnosms lrm emsokbme hfr sf`f prlntonm ay tgm stuembt" Gfwmvmr tgm tmlngmr sgfu`e horst wfri wotg tgmstuembt fb tgmsm mxmrnosms ubto` tgm stuembt amnfdms hldo`olr wotg tgm prfnmeurms" Lhtmrwlre tgm tmlngmr sgfu`e rmku`lr`y fasmrvm
tgm stuembt pmrhfrd tgmd tf mbsurm tglt tgm stuembt os dlobtlobobk nfrrmnt prlntonm" Ugm stuembt dly eosnfbtobum lby mxmrnosm
tglt nlb am mxmnutme mlso`y lbe nfbsostmbt`y" Ugm mxmrnosms sgfu`e am prlntonme ls tgm stuembt nfbtobums wfriobk tgrfukg eohhmrmbt
smntofbs ob tgm affi"
Ugm Eontltofb MxmrnosmsUgm rgytgdon lbe dm`feon eontltofb mxmrnosms lrm emsokbme sf tglt tgm stuembt nlb wfri tgrfukg tgmd wotg lb obtmrlntovm
wma lpp fr wotg tgm tmlngmr p`lyobk tgm eontltofb dm`feoms" Ugm tmlngmr nlb ho`` ob tgm dossobk dmlsurms wotg dltmrol`s fh gos fr
gmr ngfonm fr kf tf www"prodftgmfry"nfd tf hobe tgm nfdp`mtm dm`feoms"
Ugm \Q NfemsUgm \Q nfems hfube tgrfukgfut tgos smroms nlb fb`y am rmle ay usobk l sdlrt pgfbm fr ple wgong gls l \Q nfem rmlemr lpp
obstl``me" Oh yfu efbt glvm l \Q nfem rmlemr lbe efbt ibfw wgmrm tf kmt fbm just hf``fw tgmsm eormntofbs:
^tmp fr 5 ls ots tfp budamr"Mxldp`ms:
Ob nfdpfube todm tgm amlt os eovoeme obtf tgrmm mqul` plrts"L nfdpfube todm sokblturm gls 8, ?,
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15 eup`m$sodp`m
>5 trop`m$sodp`m
87 eup`m$nfdpfube
?7 trop`m$nfdpfube
C5 ryryP ryryP
R7 rryrtyP rtyrtyP
.5 ryryryP ryryryP
?7 rryrtyrtyP rtyrtyrtyP
eup`m
sodp`m
nfdpfube
eup`m
sodp`m
nfdpfube
trop`m
trop`m
Ugm Dmtmr os tgm plttmrb fh strfbk lbe wmli amlts ob l dmlsurm"Mvmry todm sokblturm obeonltms l nmrtlob plttmrb fh strfbk lbe wmli amlts"
Dmtmr
Eup`m Dmtmr nfbsosts fh fbm strfbk lbe fbm wmli amlt"
Urop`m Dmtmr nfbsosts fh fbm strfbk lbe twf wmli amlts"
\ulerup`m Dmtmr os l nfdaobltofb fh twf eup`m dmtmr
plttmrbs ob wgong tgm horst amlt os strmssme dfrm strfbk`ytglb tgm tgore"
Lsyddmtronl` dmtmr os l nfdaobltofb fh eup`m lbetrop`m plttmrbs wgong nrmltm lb orrmku`lr pu`sm, sung lsquobtup`m dmtmr 'hovm amlts pmr dmlsurm/ frsmptup`mdmtmr 'smvmb amlts pmr dmlsurm/"
55
>5
< 1 > 5^UQFBKM^U wmli wmli^trfbk
< 1 >^trfbk wmli wmli
eup`m
15 < 1^trfbk wmli
=5 < 1 > 5^UQFBKM^U wmli wmli^trfbk
=
eup`m eup`m
trop`m
wmli
L hu`` n`lssohonltofb fh todm sokblturms obn`uems tgm hf``fwobk:
l/a/
Ugm eovosofb fh tgm amlt 'nfdpfube fr sodp`m/, lbetgm budamr fh amlts pmr dmlsurm 'eup`m, trop`m, mtn"/"
=
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>" Lt tgm amkobbobk fh mlng dmlsurm, wrotm tgm nfrrmnt todm sokblturm"Ugm dmlsurms lrm wrottmb ob sodp`m todm, nfdpfube todm fr lsyddmtronl` dmtmr"
^odp`m Nfdpfube Lsyddmtronl`
gLsyddmtronl`^odp`mNfdpfube
q q qqqq qq qq qq q m
q
q q q q
q q q q " m qq qq qq q q q q q q q g
^odp`mNfdpfube^odp`m
m q q
m q q q
q q q
q q q
1" N`lssohy tgm hf``fwobk todm sokblturms" [rotm tgm nfdp`mtm todm n`lssohonltofb" Mx" eup`m$sodp`m
Odpfrtlbt Bftm:Ugm tmrds eup`m, trop`m, qulerup`m, lbe quobtup`m rmhmr tf tgm budamr fh amlts pmr dmlsurm"
Ugm tmrdssodp`m lbe nfdpfubermhmr tf tgm dlbbmr ob wgong amlts bfrdl``y lrm eovoeme"
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5" N`lp tgm rgytgds ls yfu nfubt l`fue"
Qmleobk Qgytgds
C5 ryq P ehhk q P ekyryP rek q P q" mP mq mP ehhk q
C5 ryq P ehhk q P ekyryP rek q P q" mP mq mP ehhk q
.5 q" mq P q" mr"kP r"kq" mP ehhkq" mP mq q mP r"kekyq
%5 q etkq etkP q" ekq" ekPey" q ey" q P q" ekey" ryPw
.1 g g q q P rttyg q q P \ q g rttyP g" q\ q P w g
CC1 g g P g" q P q q \ q P q \ ryq P g q ryP G rttyP ryq g
R7 q" q" P q mq mP rty reky P rehhk ehhkyP ektyq"
R7 q" q" P q ek q mP r"ky reky P rehhk ehhkyP ektyq"
?7 rtyq mq mP M ryM eky ^ ehkyP q m^ ehkyq ekP g" q"
-7rtyryPrtyryPrtyehhkPrtyrekPq" MmPq" M ekPq" q
5
=
8
;
7
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Mlr Urlobobk: Qgytgdon Eontltofb
^nlb tgm \Q nfem tf lnnmss tgm rgytgds tf am eontltme:
]sobk tgm wma lpp`onltofb kovmb lafvm, `ostmb tf tgm rgytgds lbe wrotm tgm bftltofb fb tgossgmmt"
Qgytgdon Eontltofb
L
A
N
E
M
H
K
G
="
7
Fb yfur SN, tlim tgm hf``fwobk rfutm:
DyUgmfryLpp"nfd @mvm`
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Imys lbe ^nl`ms^mntofb 1
Fremr fh ^glrps
c555=5
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Blturl` Dobfr ^nl`mHf``fws tgm imy sokblturmbf l`tmrme tfbms"
Immps tgm sldm hfrd wgmtgmr lsnmbeobk fr emsnmbeobk"
[gf`m lbe gl`h stmp plttmrb: [ G [ [ G [ [
Ugmrm lrm tgrmm alson hfrds fh dobfr snl`m: blturl`, glrdfbon lbe dm`feon"
Ugm Dobfr ^nl`ms
Glrdfbon Dobfr ^nl`mUgm smvmbtg snl`m emkrmm os rlosme l gl`h stmplnnoembtl`s lrm usme"
Lb lukdmbtme 1be 'tgrmm gl`h stmps/ fnnurs amtwmmb snl`m emkrmms 8 lbe ;"Immps tgm sldm hfrd wgmtgmr lsnmbeobk fr emsnmbeobk"
Dm`feon Dobfr ^nl`mOb lsnmbeobk hfrd, snl`m emkrmms 8 lbe ; lrm rlosme l gl`h stmplnnoembtl`s lrm usme"
Ob emsnmbeobk hfrd, tgm snl`m rmvmrts tf tgm blturl` dobfr hfrd"
' / ' /
;
Luk 1be
8 ; ; 8
'blturl` dobfr hfrd/
l dobfr
l dobfr
l dobfr
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ma glrdfbon dobfr
h glrdfbon dobfr
h. glrdfbon dobfr
a glrdfbon dobfr
l dm`feon dobfr
n. dm`feon dobfr
k dm`feon dobfr
n dm`feon dobfr
>" Hfr mlng `obm, tgm bldm fh tgm dobfr imy os kovmb:
5" [rotm tgm dm`feon dobfr snl`m, lsnmbeobk tgmb emsnmbeobk"
`55555555555555$4
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="
8"
Ugm Ngrfdlton lbe [gf`m$Ufbm ^nl`m
L ngrfdlton snl`m os l twm`vm$tfbm snl`m dlem up fh gl`h stmps" Ugm bftltofb fh tgos snl`m vlromslnnfreobk tf tgm nfbtmxt, aut tgm sodp`mst bftltofb usms sglrps hfr bftms tglt kf up lbe h`lts hfrbftms tglt kf efwb"
lsnmbeobk emsnmbeobk
Ugm prmsmbnm fh l imy sokblturm wo`` lhhmnt tgm spm``obks usme ob l ngrfdlton snl`m"Bftonm tgm usm fh blturl` sokbs ob tgm hf``fwobk mxldp`ms"
Ugm Ngrfdlton ^nl`m
Ob kmbmrl`, tgm ngrfdlton snl`m os usul``y bftltme sung tglt bf snl`m emkrmm os usme dfrm tglb twonmob sunnmssofb" Hfr mxldp`m, Ea $ E $ E. sgfu`e bft am usme"
Fb mlng stlhh, wrotm lb lsnmbeobk ngrfdlton snl`m hrfd tgm bftm kovmb"
Mbe tgm snl`m fb tgm bftm fbm fntlvm gokgmr tglb tgm stlrtobk bftm"
Fb mlng stlhh, wrotm l emsnmbeobk ngrfdlton snl`m hrfd tgm bftm kovmb"Mbe tgm snl`m fb tgm bftm lb fntlvm `fwmr tglb tgm stlrtobk bftm"
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;" Fb mlng stlhh, wrotm lb lsnmbeobk wgf`m$tfbm snl`m hrfd tgm bftm kovmb"Mbe tgm snl`m fb tgm bftm fbm fntlvm gokgmr tglb tgm stlrtobk bftm"
7"
Fb mlng stlhh, wrotm l emsnmbeobk wgf`m$tfbm snl`m hrfd tgm bftm kovmb"
Mbe tgm snl`m fb tgm bftm fbm fntlvm `fwmr tglb tgm stlrtobk bftm"
Ugm bftms fh l wgf`m$tfbm snl`m lrm smplrltme ay wgf`m stmps '[/"
Ugos snl`m os nfbsoemrme lsybtgmton, fr lrtohonol` snl`m" L`` tgm tfbms ob tgos snl`m lrm tgm sldmeostlbnm lplrt9 bf sobk`m tfbm stlbes fut" Ls l rmsu`t fh tgos, l strfbk smbsm fh tfbon os `lniobk"^fdm nfdpfsmrs, sung ls Emaussy, usme tgos snl`m tf mvfim lb m`usovm, h`fltobk qul`oty"
Ugm [gf`m$Ufbm ^nl`m
`55555555=$4
L vlromty fh eohhmrmbt spm``obks nlb am usme hfr tgm sldm snl`m:
fr
[gmb tgos wgf`m$tfbm snl`m os trlbspfsme up l gl`h stmp, yfu hobe tgm smnfbe hubeldmbtl` hfrdfh tgm wgf`m$tfbm snl`m, wgong os l`sf suajmnt tf l vlromty fh spm``obks:
fr
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Dlj
1be
Dlj
>re
Smr
5tg
Dlj
8tg
Dlj
;tg
Smr
=tg
Smr
7vm
typm:
sozm:
ww
w ww
ww
w
w wwww w ww
Smr
Srodm']bosfb/
Dljfr lbe Dobfr Obtmrvl`sL dljfr obtmrvl` amnfdms l dobfr obtmrvl` wgmb emnrmlsme ob sozm ay l gl`h stmp"
Dlj 1be Dlj >re Dlj 8tg Dlj ;tgdob 1be dob >re dob 8tg dob ;tg
www
ww www
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
Dlj 1be Luk 1be Dlj 8tg Luk 8tgSmr 5tg Luk 5tg< Luk =tgSmr =tg
Lukdmbtme Obtmrvl`sSmrhmnt lbe dljfr obtmrvl`s amnfdm lukdmbtme wgmb obnrmlsme ob sozm ay l gl`h stmp"
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
www ww
Obtmrvl`s lrm n`lssohome ay typm lbesozm"Ugm hf``fwobk laarmvoltofbs wo`` am usme wgmb emsnroaobk tgm typm fh obtmrvl`s:pmrhmnt 'Smr/, dljfr 'Dlj/, dobfr 'dob/, lukdmbtme 'Luk/ lbe eodobosgme 'eod/"
Obtmrvl`s fh lb fntlvm fr `mss lrm nl``me sodp`m obtmrvl`s"
Obtmrvl`s^mntofb >
Eodobosgme Obtmrvl`sSmrhmnt lbe dobfr obtmrvl`s amnfdm eodobosgme wgmb emnrmlsme ob sozm ay l gl`h stmp"
dob >re eod >re Smr 5tg eod 5tg
ww ww ww ww ww wwww
ww
Smr =tg eod =tg dob ;tg eod ;tg
Dljfr lbe Smrhmnt Obtmrvl`s]sobk tgm tfbms fh tgm dljfr snl`m, obtmrvl`s auo`t lafvm tgm tfbon 'imybftm/ hfrd dljfr fr pmrhmntobtmrvl`s"
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Gfw tf auo`e lb obtmrvl` lafvm l kovmb bftm:_fu l`rmley ibfw tf usm tgm dljfr snl`m tf hobe pmrhmnt lbe dljfr obtmrvl`s, lbe tglt yfu nlbl`tmr tgmsm obtmrvl`s tf hobe dobfr, lukdmbtme, lbe eodobosgme obtmrvl`s" Ugos wfris wm`` wgmbyfu lrm wfriobk wotg imys tglt lrm hldo`olr tf yfujust tgobi fh tgm afttfd bftm ls tfbon lbelpp`y tgm lpprfproltm lnnoembtl`s lnnfreobk tf tgm imy sokblturm" Aut wgmb tgm tfbon tfbm nl``shfr imys tglt lrm bft hldo`olr, yfu nlb hobe lby obtmrvl` mlso`y oh yfu ibfw tgm hf``fwobk tgrmmobtmrvl`s vmry wm``: tgm
pmrhmnt =tg,dljfr >re
, lbedljfr 1be
" _fu nlb usm tgmsm obtmrvl`s tfpomnm tfkmtgmr ftgmr `mss hldo`olr obtmrvl`s"Ugm hf``fwobk sydaf`s wo`` sfdmtodms am usme tf obeonltm obtmrvl`s: nlpotl` `mttmrs wo`` rmprmsmbtdljfr lbe lukdmbtme obtmrvl`s9 `fwmrnlsm `mttmrs wo`` rmprmsmbt dobfr lbe eodobosgme obtmrvl`s9l sodp`m budamr wo`` rmprmsmbt tgm obtmrvl` sozm" Hfr mxldp`m, D1 hfr dljfr 1be, e= hfreodobosgme =tg, lbe sf fb"
bf lnnoembtl`sc=55555555555fb`y sglrps fb`y h`lts Ugm mxnmptofb tf tgos os tgmpmrhmnt =tg stlrtobk fb A lbe Aa"
Ugm pmrhmnt =tg os tgm mlsomst tf rmnfkbozm fb tgm stlhh"
Ugm dljfr 1be sgfu`e l`wlys am spm``me ls l eoltfbon wgf`m stmp9 tgm twf tfbms sgfu`e am spm``mels twf nfbsmnutovm `mttmrs fh tgm l`pglamt"
c5555
c555$555eoltfbon wgf`m stmps
c555$555sldm potngms
OBNFQQMNU spm``obk
c55555
_fu nlb nfdaobm tgm pmrhmnt =tg lbe dljfr 1be tf hobe tgm pmrhmnt 5tg fr tgm dljfr 8tg"
c55 c55555Smrhmnt 5tg6
^tlrt wotg l pmrhmnt =tg tgmbkf l dljfr 1be efwb hrfdtgm tfp bftm"
D1 efwb
c55Smrhmnt 5tg
4
c55Dljfr 8tg6
^tlrt wotg l pmrhmnt =tgtgmb kf l dljfr 1be uphrfd tgm tfp bftm"
D1 up
c55Dljfr 8tg
4
S=
S=
bf lnnoembtl`s
c=55555555555fb`y sglrps fb`y h`lts
Ugm pmrhmnt 5tg hf``fws l sodo`lr plttmrb"
c5555Ugm mxnmptofb tf tgos os tgmpmrhmnt 5tg stlrtobk fb H. lbe H"
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re eod >reDlj >re eod =tgLuk =tg dob 1beSmr =tg
dob >reLuk >re eod >reDlj >re eod 5tgLuk 5tg dob 1beSmr 5tg
eod ;tgdob ;tg eod ;tgDlj ;tg eod 5tgLuk 5tg Dlj 8tgSmr 5tg
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Obvmrtme Obtmrvl`s^odp`m obtmrvl`s lrm obtmrvl`s splbbobk lb fntlvm fr `mss" ^odp`m obtmrvl`s nlb am obvmrtme aytliobk tgm `fwmr bftm lbe dfvobk ot up fbm fntlvmtgm uppmr bftm fh tgm frokobl` obtmrvl` 'l/ osbfw tgm `fwmr bftm fh tgm obvmrtme obtmrvl` 'a/" Ugm frokobl` obtmrvl` lbe ots obvmrsofb lrm nl``menfdp`mdmbtlry obtmrvl`s"
Smr =tg
w wSmr 5tg
_fu kmt tgm sldm rmsu`t ay tliobk tgm gokgmr bftm lbe dfvobk ot efwb lb fntlvm"
'a/'l/
Smr =tg
w wSmr 5tg
55$55$$
>"
55$55$$ 55$55$$ 55$55$$ 55$55$$
Hfr mlng plor fh dmlsurms, tlim tgm afttfd bftm fh tgm obtmrvl` ob tgm horst dmlsurm lbe wrotm otfbm fntlvm gokgmr ob tgm smnfbe dmlsurm"
Hobe tgm obvmrsofb fh tgm kovmb obtmrvl`s:
Mxldp`m
Obvmrt mlng kovmb obtmrvl` ls lafvm" [rotm aftg bftms fh tgm smnfbe obtmrvl` fh mlng plor"
55$55$$ 55$55$$ 55$55$$Mxldp`m
5"
55$55$$ 55$55$$ 55$55$$ 55$55$$
Hfr mlng plor fh dmlsurms, tlim tgm tfp bftm fh tgm obtmrvl` ob tgm horst dmlsurm lbe wrotm ot lbfntlvm`fwmr ob tgm smnfbe dmlsurm"
Mxldp`m
55$55$$55$55$$ 55$55$$55$55$$Obvmrt mlng kovmb obtmrvl` ay dfvobk tgm tfp bftm efwb" [rotm aftg bftms fh tgm smnfbe obtmrvl`"
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w
Dljfr lbe dobfr nfdp`mdmbtsdljfr obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf dobfrdobfr obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf dljfr
ww
wDlj1be
dob1be
Dlj;tg
dob;tg
Lukdmbtme lbe eodobosgme nfdp`mdmbtslukdmbtme obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf eodobosgmeeodobosgme obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf lukdmbtme w w w w
Luk1be
Luk8tg
eod>re
eod;tg
="Ho`` ob tgm a`lbis am`fw tf nfdp`mtm mlng stltmdmbt"
Dljfr obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf obtmrvl`s"
Dobfr obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf obtmrvl`s"
Lukdmbtme obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf obtmrvl`s"
Eodobosgme obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf obtmrvl`s"
Smrhmnt obtmrvl`s obvmrt tf obtmrvl`s"
Ugm Qu`m fh Bobm:Ugm sud fh twf nfdp`mdmbtlry obtmrvl`s os l`wlys ?"
_fu nlb usm tgm ru`m fh bobm tf hobe tgm budmronl` sozm fh lb obvmrtme obtmrvl`" Hfr mxldp`m, tfhobe tgm obvmrsofb fh l >re, suatrlnt > hrfd ? lbe tgm lbswmr os 8l >re obvmrts tf l 8tg" Bfw yfunlb hobe tgm obvmrsofb fh lby kovmb obtmrvl`" Just rmdmdamr, ots l twf$plrt prfnmss: Horst yfu obvmrt
tgm obtmrvl` typm 'dljfr tf dobfr fr vonm$vmrsl, lukdmbtme tf eodobosgme fr vonm$vmrsl, lbe pmrhmntstlys pmrhmnt/, tgmb yfu obvmrt tgm sozm usobk tgm ru`m fh bobm"
dob 8tg
wwDlj >re
ww
Dlj >re
wwdob 8tg
ww
fr
Y ? $ T > 4 8 Y ? $ T 8 4 >
Smrhmnt nfdp`mdmbts L pmrhmnt obtmrvl`obvmrts tf lbftgmr pmrhmnt obtmrvl`"
w
ww
wSmr
Srodm
Smr
=tg
Smr
5tg
Smr
7vm
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;"Nfdp`mtm mlng obtmrvl` lbe obvmrt ot:Ob tgm horst dmlsurm, wrotm tgm obeonltme obtmrvl` lafvm tgm kovmb bftm"l/Ob tgm smnfbe dmlsurm, obvmrt tgm obtmrvl` ob tgm horst dmlsurm"Oembtohy tgm obvmrtme obtmrvl` ay typm lbesozm"
a/n/
Smr =tg dob 8tg Dlj >re Luk 8tg
dob 1be Smr 5tg dob ;tg eod 5tg
l/ a/
n/
8"Hfr mlng obtmrvl` kovmb, bldm tgm obvmrtme obtmrvl`" ]sm laarmvoltofbs"
Dlj 1be Dlj >re Dlj 8tg
Dlj ;tg Smr =tg Smr 5tg
Smr7vm dob
1be dob
>re
dob 8tg dob ;tg Smr Srodm
Luk 1be Luk 5tg eod ;tg
Smr =tgdob >re Luk 1beeod ;tg
Smr 5tg
Dlj 8tg Dlj 1be eod =tg Dlj ;tg
Luk 8tgLuk 1be dob >redob ;tg
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Dlj 8tg
Gfw tf auo`e lb obtmrvl` EF[B hrfd l kovmb bftm:^f hlr yfu glvm `mlrbme gfw tf auo`e lb obtmrvl` up hrfd l kovmb bftm, aut wglt oh yfu lrm lsimetf auo`e lb obtmrvl` efwb hrfd l kovmb bftm6 Oh yfu glvm l tftl` dlstmry fh l`` tgm dljfr lbe dobfrimys lbe snl`ms, yfu nfu`e sodp`y lssudm tglt tgm kovmb bftm os fb tgm snl`m emkrmm fh tgm sldmbudamr ls tgm obtmrvl` sozm, tgmb emeunm tgm afttfd bftm fh tgm obtmrvl` ls tgm tfbon"Fr, yfu nlb usm obvmrtme obtmrvl`s tf hobe tgm afttfd bftm" ]sm tgm prfnmss fut`obme am`fw tf hobelb obtmrvl` efwb hrfd l kovmb bftm"
\umstofb: [glt os tgm bftm l dljfr 8tg efwb hrfd N.6
^tmp /
^tmp 1: Auo`e tgm obvmrtme obtmrvl` ]S hrfd tgm kovmb bftm"Ugos os hldo`olr tmrrotfryl dobfr >re up hrfd N. os M"
^tmp >: Ulim tgm uppmr bftm fh tgos obtmrvl` efwb fbm fntlvm"Bfw ot os tgm `fwmr bftm"
Lbe sf, l dljfr 8tg efwb hrfd N. os M"
wc55
c55
6
w
c55$55w ww
7" Nfbstrunt tgm bldme obtmrvl`s am`fw tgm kovmb bftms" ]sm wgf`m bftms"
Dlj 8tgSmr =tg Smr 5tgDlj 8tg Smr 5tgSmr =tg Smr 5tgDlj 8tg
dob 8tgDlj 8tg Smr 5tgDlj 1be dob ;tgDlj 8tg Smr 5tgDlj 1be
Luk1bedob 8tg Luk 5tgDlj >re Luk 1be
^fdmtodms l`` tgos os bft bmnmsslry" Hfr mxldp`m, tgm pmrhmnt =tg lbe dljfr 1be efwb hrfd lkovmb bftm sgfu`e am mlsy mbfukg tf hobe" _fu nlb l`sf usm tgfsm twf obtmrvl`s ob nfdaobltofb
tf hobe tgm dljfr 8tg"
dob 8tg Luk 5tgDlj >re
1
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11
Mlr Urlobobk: Obtmrvl` Oembtohonltofb^nlb tgm \Q nfem tf prlntonm oembtohyobk dljfr, dobfr, lbepmrhmnt obtmrvl`s:
DyUgmfryLpp"nfd @mvm` re
lsnmbeobk emsnmbeobkSmrhmnt 5tg
Dljfr 8tglsnmbeobk emsnmbeobk
lsnmbeobk emsnmbeobkdobfr 1be
lsnmbeobk emsnmbeobkdobfr >re
dobfr 8tglsnmbeobk emsnmbeobk
dobfr ;tglsnmbeobk emsnmbeobk
Smrhmnt]bosfb
Urotfbmlsnmbeobk emsnmbeobk
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Mlr Urlobobk Ero``s: Obtmrvl`s
^f`f Ero``: ^obkobk Obtmrvl`s
Emnoem fb lb obtmrvl` ob yfur sobkobk rlbkm"Soni hrfd lby am`fw:
re"
Fr, yfu dly wrotm efwb tgm obtmrvl`s p`lyme fb l pomnm fh plpmr"_fur tmlngmr wo`` p`ly sox dljfr, dobfr, fr pmrhmnt obtmrvl`s lafvm fr am`fw l kovmb bftm"[rotm tgm obtmrvl`s efwb fb l pomnm fh plpmr"N`lssohy mlng obtmrvl` ay typm lbe sozm" ]sm laarmvoltofbs 'mx", DLJ 8tg, SMQ =tg, dob >re/"
Dlj 1be
dob 1be
Dlj >re
dob >re
Smr 5tg
Smr =tg
Dlj 8tg
dob 8tg
Dlj ;tg
dob ;tg
Smr 7vm
]bosfb
trotfbm
1>
^tuembts sobkobk rlbkm:
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Ngfres^mntofb 5
dobLuk eodDlj dob eod Dlj
dob Lukeod DljLuk dob eod
Luk Dlj dobeod Dlj Luk dob
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Mlr Urlobobk Ero``s: Uroles
^f`f Ero``: ^obkobk Uroles
Ugm hf``fwobk mxmrnosms lrm emsokbme tf emvm`fp yfur sio`` ob gmlrobk lbe prfeunobk tgm tfbms fh tgm dljfr,dobfr, lukdmbtme lbe eodobosgme trole" Bftm yfur sobkobk rlbkm fb tgm imyaflre prfvoeme fb tgos plkm"
Ugos ero`` os emsokbme hfr sf`f prlntonm" Ngmni yfur prfkrmss hrfd todm tf todm ay rmnfreobk l smssofb
lbe `ostmbobk tf tglt rmnfreobk nrotonl``y, fr ay pmrhfrdobk tgos ero`` ob tgm prmsmbnm fh yfur tmlngmr"Am surm tglt yfu lrm hfrdobk tgm troles nfrrmnt`y"
Emnoem fb l trole typm:dljfr, dobfr, lukdmbtme, fr eodobosgme"Soni l stlrtobk tfbm ob yfur sobkobk rlbkm"Ugos tfbm wo`` am tgm rfft fh tgm trole"S`ly tgm rfft"^obk tgm rfft"
Gmlr tgm tfbms fh yfur ngfsmb trole wotg yfur obbmr mlr"^obk tgm >re lbe =tg fh tgm trole"^obk l`` tgm tfbms fh tgm trole ubto` yfu lrm sltoshome"Umst ay p`lyobk tgm tfbms fh tgm trole fb tgm polbffbm lt l todm"Ugmb, sobk tgm tfbms ls yfu p`ly tgmd"Qmpmlt tgm prfnmss usobk l eohhmrmbt tfbm lbe eohhmrmbt trole"Qmpmlt wotg eohhmrmbt troles ls fhtmb ls os bmnmsslry lbe hfnus yfur mhhfrts fb tgmdfrm eohhonu`t fbmstgm lukdmbtme lbe eodobosgme"
/
5/
Umlngmr&^tuembt Ero``s: Qmnfkbozobk Uroles
_fur tmlngmr wo`` p`ly dljfr, dobfr, lukdmbtme lbe eodobosgme troles"Oembtohy lbe bldm mlng obtmrvl` ay typm" Hfr mxldp`m, dljfr fr eodobosgme"
Fr, yfu dly wrotm efwb tgm trole p`lyme fb l pomnm fh plpmr"_fur tmlngmr wo`` p`ly hovm troles p`lyme ob a`fnime lbe lrpmkkoltme hfrd"[rotm tgm obtmrvl`s efwb fb l pomnm fh plpmr" Oembtohy wotg laarmvoltofbs:dljfr 'DLJ/, dobfr 'dob/, lukdmbtme 'L]K/ lbe eodobosgme 'eod/"
1=
Lpp Ero``s: Uroles^nlb tgm \Q nfem tf prlntonm oembtohyobk dljfr, dobfr, lbeeodobosgme troles:
DyUgmfryLpp"nfd @mvm`
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M Dljfr
h glrdfbon dobfr
5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4c== www www>" Ob mlng dmlsurm, tgm dljfr imy sokblturm os kovmb" [rotm tgm rfdlb budmrl` hfr mlng trole"
5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4
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M Dljfr
c55=$5==$5==$4
=" Hfr mlng imy, wrotm tgm imy sokblturm lbe tgm tfbon, suaefdoblbt lbe efdoblbt troles"
OXO X
h dobfr
c55=$5==$5==$4ovo XMa Dljfr
c55=$5==$5==$4OXO X
k. dobfr
c55=$5==$5==$4ovo X
L Dljfr
c55=$5==$5==$4OXO Xk dobfr
c55=$5==$5==$4ovo X
N Dljfr
8" ^pm`` tgm tfbon, suaefdoblbt lbe efdoblbt rfft pfsotofb troles fh mlng imy kovmb"
m glrdfbon dobfr
K Dljfrn glrdfbon dobfrA Dljfr
Ufbon
^uaefdoblbt
Efdoblbt
h glrdfbon dobfr
5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4c== www www
5" Ob mlng dmlsurm, tgm glrdfbon dobfr imy sokblturm os kovmb"
5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4
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5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4c==n : h : n :
5558$5558$5558$5558$5558$4
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Ugm Efdoblbt ^mvmbtg Ngfre^mvmbtg ngfres ob rfft pfsotofb lrm obeonltme ay lb lrlaon budamr ; p`lnme tf tgm rokgt fh tgmrfdlb budmrl`" Ugm efdoblbt smvmbtg ngfre os l typm fh smvmbtg ngfrel dljfr trole p`us ldobfr ;tg lafvm tgm rfft"Ugm efdoblbt smvmbtg ngfre os hfube fb snl`m
emkrmm = fh l dljfr fr dobfr snl`m"
Ob l dobfr snl`m, tgm tgore fh tgm X ngfre dustam rlosme tf hfrd l efdoblbt smvmbtg ngfre"
c5555555558$4ww ww w w
wN:
1 > 5 ;8=re ob tgm alss9 smnfbe obvmrsofb, wotg tgm =tg ob tgm alss9 lbe tgore obvmrsofb,wotg tgm ;tg ob tgm alss"
c555555555558wN: X;
wwwwwww
wwww w
www
X8 X X=
5 1>
rfftpfsotofb
horstobvmrsofb
smnfbeobvmrsofb
tgoreobvmrsofb
Ugm lrlaon budmrl`s usme hfr tgmsm obvmrsofbs bldm fb`y tgfsm obtmrvl`s lasf`utm`y bmmeme tf oembtohytgm ngfre" Hfr mxldp`m, l horst obvmrsofb smvmbtg ngfre rml``y nfbtlobs l >re, =tg lbe 8tg lafvm tgmalss, aut ot os bft bmnmsslry tf obn`uem tgm >re wgmb `lam`obk tgm obvmrsofb" Ugm fb`y lrlaon budmrl`susme ob `lam`obk obvmrtme smvmbtg ngfres lrm tgfsm bmmeme tf oembtohy tgm rfft lbe ;tg lafvm tgm alss"
c555555555558wN: X
;
wwwwwww
wwww w
www
X8 X X= 5 1>tgm efttme `obms pfobttf tgm ;tg fh tgm ngfre
tgm sf`oe `obms pfobt
tf tgm rfft fh tgm ngfre
X; X8 X X=
5 1>Ugm lrlaon budmrl`s prfkrmss ob nfubtefwb$`oim
hlsgofb hrfd rfft pfsotofb tf tgore obvmrsofb:; 8 = 5 > 1
c5555555558$4ww w w w wwn:
1 > 5 ;8= 1 1 > 1 > < > 5 > 1 5 > 5 1 < 5 < 1 re snl`m emkrmm hfr l hmw mxtrl dfdmbts ls yfu p`ly tgm tfbon trole"
S`ly tgm stlrtobk tfbm fh tgm mxmrnosm fb tgm polbf"^obk lbe dltng tgm stlrtobk tfbm"^obk tgm mxmrnosm ls yfu p`ly ot"^obk tgm mxmrnosm wotgfut p`lyobk ot"
l/a/n/e/
Mxmrnosms]sm tgm hf``fwobk mxmrnosms hfr lssokbdmbt
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Ugm uppmr tmtrlngfre 'snl`m emkrmms = $ 7/ nglbkms wotg mlng hfrd fh dobfr:
5
G [ [
l: = 8 ; 7
blturl`
5
G L1 G
l: = 8 ; 7
glrdfbon
5
[ [ G
l: = 8 ; 7
dm`feon
= 7 ; 7
= 7 ; 8 ; 7
= 7 = 8 ; 7
uppmr tmtrlngfres'`fwmr tmtrlngfre/
; 8 =
[ [ G
1" ^obk tgm hf``fwobk mxmrnosms usobk tgm sldm prfnmeurm ls lssokbdmbt
@ost tgm dobfr imys tf usm:
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>" ^obk tgm mxmrnosms lnnfreobk tf tgm eormntofbs kovmb lafvm"Lvfoe p`lyobk tgm dm`fey fb tgm polbf ls yfu sobk aut yfu dly p`ly tgm tfbon trole tgrfukgfut"Nglbkm tf lbftgmr ngfre fb`y lt tgm pfobts obeonltme ay rfdlb budmrl`s"
Lntovm lbe ^tla`m Ufbm Mxmrnosms^nl`m emkrmms 1, 5, lbe 8 rmsf`vm efwb l stmp lbe .; rmsf`vms up tf tfbon" Ob tgm hf` fwobk mxmrnosms,l hmrdltl os p`lnme fvmr sfdm lntovm tfbms" Slusm fb tgmsm bftms tf kmt tgm hu`` mhhmnt fh tgmor lntovmqul`oty" Just ls odpfrtlbt`y, bftonm tgmor rmsf`utofb tf tgm bmokgafrobk stla`m tfbm" Uf mbglbnm tgosmhhmnt, p`ly tgm ngfres obeonltme ay tgm rfdlb budmrl`s ls yfu sobk"
ov
c=tyuofouyt$8tufut$8tyuofut8$4
c=tyufuyt$8tuofout$8tufTfut8$4
c=8tufTYp=8fTfpfouy=tuytr=t8$4
c=tuffpYTYTfp=fpfouto=uyt8$4c=ftTYpfp=fouofpY=Tpfouyt8$4
c885uytrtyuofuYup=8foufoyru8$4
c885urufYT=8Yfuruy88urfoufo=u8$4
o ov o X o
ov o X o
ov o ov o
ov o X o X o
ov o
>5
rlbkme dobfr
h dobfrrlbkm
@ost tgm dobfr imys tf usm:
@ost tgm dobfr imys tf usm:
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c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4
^obk mlng hfur$dmlsurm dm`fey usobk sf`hmkm fr snl`m emkrmm budamrs"Urlbspfsm tgmsm mxmrnosms tf lby imy ob yfur nfdhfrtla`m sobkobk rlbkm"
^okgt ^obkobk Hfur$Dmlsurm Dm`feoms ob Dobfr Imys
m dobfr
>e dobfr
l dobfr
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4n
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4n
5
>5
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$487
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$487
n dobfr
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4n
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4n
m dobfr
e dobfr
n dobfr
l dobfr
5
=
8
;
7
>=
5"
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=" ^obk mlng hfur$dmlsurm dm`fey usobk sf`hmkm fr snl`m emkrmm budamrs"Urlbspfsm tgmsm mxmrnosms tf lby imy ob yfur nfdhfrtla`m sobkobk rlbkm"
^okgt ^obkobk Mokgt$Dmlsurm Dm`feoms ob Dljfr ImysUgm hf``fwobk mokgt$dmlsurm dm`feoms lrm ob dljfr imys lbe wo`` nfbsost fh twf eostobnt pgrlsms:tgm lbtmnmembt, mbeobk ob l gl`h nlembnm, lbe tgm nfbsmqumbt, mbeobk ob lb lutgmbton nlembnm"Ob prmplrltofb hfr tgos lssokbdmbt, yfu dly horst sobk tgm ero``s ob lssokbdmbt 5, trlbspfsobk hrfddobfr tf plrl``m` dljfr"
n " "
"
n " "
"
>5
"
>5
"
""
"
H Dljfr
N Dljfr
5
>8
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Glrdfby os tgm stuey fh ngfresgfw tgmy lrm hfrdme, gfw tgmy obtmrlnt wotg mlng ftgmr lbegfw tgmy obtmrlnt wotg ftgmr dusonl` m`mdmbts sung ls dm`fey, rgytgd lbe hfrd"
Ugm tmrd hfur$plrt glrdfby rmhmrs tf duson wrottmb ob hfur plrts, fr vfonms, mlng fh wgong rmtlobsots oembtoty ls l eostobnt dm`feon `obm tf sfdm emkrmm" ^ung duson, wgong gls twf fr dfrm eostobntdm`feon `obms p`lyobk l dfrm fr `mss mqul` rf`m ob tgm nrmltofb fh tgm dusonl` mxprmssofb, os ibfwbls pf`ypgfbon duson"Ugm hfur plrts, hrfd tgm gokgmst tf `fwmst, lrm tgm sfprlbf, l`tf, tmbfr lbe alss"Ob hfur$plrt glrdfby, tgm vfonms dly am lrrlbkme fb tgm krlbe stlhh twf eohhmrmbt wlys:
'l/
'a/
Ugm alss lbe tmbfr lrm fb tgm alss stlhh9 tgm l`tf lbe sfprlbf lrm fb tgm trma`m stlhh"Ugos lrrlbkmdmbt fh vfonms os sfdmtodms rmhmrrme tf ls ngfrl` sty`m"
Ugm sfprlbf, l`tf lbe tmbfr lrm fb tgm trma`m stlhh9 tgm alss vfonm os fb tgm alss stlhh"Ugos lrrlbkmdmbt fh vfonms os sfdmtodms rmhmrrme tf ls imyaflre sty`m"
c555==;
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Ugm X;$O Lutgmbton NlembnmUgm alson vfonm$`mleobk hfr tgm X;O nlembnm:
Ugm smvmbtg fhX; kfms efwb l stmp 5 rmsf`vms tf >"5
>7
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=558$
M Dljfr
c555585$5=555$55=55$55=55$4
>7
5
=
8
=8
Uf lnnmss dfrm dm`feoms hfr eontltofb prlntonm:
Dfrm Dm`feon Eontltofb Srlntonm
^nlb tgm \Q nfem:
DyUgmfryLpp"nfd @mvm`
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Emhobotofbs^mntofb ?
le `oaotud Hrmmefd tf odprfvosm fr vlry tgm tmdpf
l`tf Ugm smnfbe gokgmst vfonm ob hfur$plrt glrdfby
lrol L nfdpfsotofb hfr sf`f vfonm
lsyddmtronl` dmtmr Ugm nfdaobltofb fh twf sodp`m dmtmrs wgmrm tgm pu`sm nlbbft am eovoemeobtf 1, > fr 5 amlts pmr dmlsurm
lukdmbtme obtmrvl` L pmrhmnt fr dljfr obtmrvl` tglt gls ammb obnrmlsme ay l gl`h stmp
lukdmbtme smnfbe Lb obtmrvl` fh l smnfbe glvobk tgrmm gl h stmps 'N $ E./
lukdmbtme trole L trole dlem up fh twf dljfr tgores
al``mt L tgmltronl` elbnm
alss Ugm fwmst vfonm ob hfur$plrt glrdfby
ao$tfbl` Ugm usm fh twf eohhmrmbt imys lt tgm sldm todm
nlembzl L smntofb ob l nfdpfsotofb tglt l``fws tgm pmrhfrdmr tf odprfvosm fr tglt oswrottmb ob tgm sty`m fh lb odprfvosltofb
ngrfdlton snl`m L twm`vm$tfbm snl`m auo t fb`y fh gl`h stmps
ngurng dfems ^mvmb eoltfbon snl ms nfdprosme fh eohhmrmbt lrrlbkmdmbts fh wgf`m lbe gl h stmps
n`fsm glrdfby Hfur$plrt glrdfby wotg mss tglb lb fntlvm amtwmmb tgm sfprlbf lbe tmbfr
nfdpfube dmtmr L dmtmr ob wgong tgm amlt nlb am suaeovoeme obtf krfups fh tgrmm
nfb dftf [otg dftofb
nfubtmrpfobt Ugm usm fh twf fr dfrm dm`feon obms sodu`tlbmfus`y
eoltfbon snl`m L snl`m wotg smvmb eohhmrmbt tfbms
eodobosgme obtmrvl` L pmrhmnt fr dobfr obtmrvl` tglt gls ammb emnrmlsme ay l gl`h stmp
eodobosgme trole L trole dlem up fh twf dobfr tgores
efdoblbt ;tg ngfre L dljfr trole wotg l dobfr ;tg leeme lafvm tgm rfft, hfube fb snl`m emkrmm =
eumt L dusonl` nfdpfsotofb wrottmb hfr twf pmrhfrdmrs"
horst obvmrsofb L trole tglt gls ots tgore ls tgm fwmst potngtrolegl`h nlembnm Lby nlembnm wgong mbes fb tgm efdoblbt trole 'X/
gfdfpgfbon duson Dm`feon obtmrmst os nfbnmbtrltme ob fbm obm suppfrtme ay lb lnnfdplbodmbt"
obtmrvl` obvmrsofb Uurbobk lb obtmrvl` upsoem efwb sf tglt tgm `fwmr tfbm amnfdms tgm gokgmrtfbm fr tgm gokgmr tfbm amnfdms tgm `fwmr tfbmobvmbtofb L sgfrt nfbtrlpubtl` pomnm alsme fb fbm tgmdmdmtmr Ugm frklbozobk plttmrb fh strfbk lbe wmli amlts
dobfr obtmrvl` Lb obtmrvl` wgong os l gl h stmp sdl` mr tglb tgm nfrrmspfbeobk dljfr obtmrvl`
dfbfpgfbon duson L sobk`m `obm fh dm`fey wotgfut lby leeotofbl` plrts fr lnnfdplbodmbt
fpmb glrdfby Hfur$plrt glrdfby wotg lb fntlvm fr dfrm amtwmmb tgm sfprlbf lbe tmbfr
=;
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fpmrl L tgmltronl` erldl tglt os subk lbe smt tf duson
frltfrof L slnrme tgmltronl` erldl tglt os subk aut pmrhfrdme wotgfut lntofb, nfstudmsfr snmbmry
fvmrturm Lb frngmstrl` nfdpfsotofb usme tf obtrfeunm l lrkm erldlton wfri
plrl``m` imys Dljfr lbe dobfr imys tglt sglrm tgm sldm tfbon
pmrhmnt obtmrvl` Ugm smt fh obtmrvl`s ob tgm dljfr snl`m usobk snl`m emkrmms
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5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
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5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
55555555555555555558
5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
5555555555555555555855555555555555555558
55555555555555555558