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Chapter 14 The Presidency
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The Evolution of the Presidency■ Concerns of the Founders
■ Did NOT want a King ■ Wanted power to rest with the
people ■ Decided on a single executive
with powers limited by checks and balances of the legislative and judicial branches
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Presidents and Prime Ministers
■ Presidents are Often Outsiders ■ Presidents Choose Cabinet Members
from Outside Congress ■ Presidents Have No Guaranteed
Majority in Congress ■ Presidents and Prime Ministers at
War
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Divided Government■ Divided government – One party
controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
■ Unified government – The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
■ Does gridlock matter? ■ Is policy gridlock bad?
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5Copyright © 2013 Cengage
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Qualifications Article II of the Constitution
■ Formal ■ natural born citizen ■ at least 35 years of age ■ resident of the US 14 years prior to
the election
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Historically■ Shared Characteristics
■ political/military experience ■ married ■ white male ■ protestant ■ north European ancestry
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Term and Tenure■ Single Executive, indirectly elected
through an electoral college for a 4 year term.
■ 1951 - 22nd Amendment ■ Limits president to two elected
terms
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Succession and Disability■ The Constitution provides that if the
president can no longer serve in office, the vice president will carry out the duties and powers of the office
■ 25th Amendment - states that the vice president becomes president if the office becomes vacant or unable to perform duties, and provides for the nomination of a new vice president
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Impeachment and Removal■ The Constitution allows for the
removal of the president through the impeachment process
■ The House of Representatives brings charges of wrongdoing
■ The Senate sits in judgment, the chief justice of the Supreme Court presides
■ Conviction requires a 2/3 vote of the Senate
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The Road to the White House■ Succession ■ Election
■ Constitution and 12th Amendment give an electoral college the power to elect the president
■ Electoral College - HOR + Senators + DC
■ Need 270 or HOR chooses
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12Copyright © 2013 Cengage
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The Vice Presidency■ Choice influenced by desire to
balance the ticket ■ Constitutionally
■ preside over Senate, cast tie-breaking vote
■ help determine presidential disability under the 25th Amendment
■ terms not limited
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Presidential Powers■ Executive ■ Legislative ■ Diplomatic ■ Military ■ Judicial ■ Party Powers
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Executive Powers■ Enforce laws, treaties, court
decisions ■ issue executive orders to carry out
policies ■ appoints / removes officials ■ assumes emergency powers ■ presides over the cabinet and
executive branch
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Legislative Powers■ Gives annual State of the Union ■ Issues annual budget and economic
report ■ Signs or vetoes bills ■ Proposes legislation and uses
influence to get it passed ■ Calls for special sessions of Congress
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Diplomatic Powers■ Appoints ambassadors and other
diplomats ■ Negotiates treaties and executive
agreements ■ Meets with foreign leaders at
international conferences ■ Accords diplomatic recognition to
foreign governments ■ Receives foreign dignitaries
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Military Powers■ Serves as commander-in-chief of the
armed forces ■ Has final decision-making authority
in matters of national and foreign defense
■ Provides for domestic order
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Judicial Powers■ Appoints members of the federal
judiciary ■ Grants pardons, reprieves, amnesty
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Party Powers■ Recognized leader of the party ■ Chooses Vice-Presidential nominee ■ Strengthens the party by helping
members get elected (coattails) ■ Appoints party members to
government positions (patronage) ■ Influences policies and platform of
the party
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21Copyright © 2013 Cengage
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Limitations■ Congressional Checks
■ override vetoes (2/3) ■ power of the purse (appropriations) ■ impeachment ■ appointment approval ■ legislation to limit (War Powers Act -
limit president’s ability to use military force)
■ legislative veto (unconstitutional 1983)
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Limitations■ Judicial - Judicial Review ■ Political Checks
■ public opinion ■ media attention ■ popularity
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The Bureaucracy■ A systematic way of organizing a
complex and large administrative structure ■ hierarchical - like pyramid, those at
top have authority over those below ■ job specialization - defined duties and
responsibilities, division of labor ■ formal rules - established regulations
and procedures
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History and Growth■ spoils system - giving offices and
government favors to political supporters and friends
■ reform movement - competitive exams were tried but failed due to inadequate funding from Congress
■ Pendleton Act - Civil Service Act of 1883, replaces spoils system with merit system
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History and Growth■ Hatch Act of 1939, amended 1993 -
prohibits government employees from engaging political activities while on duty, running for office or seeking political funding while off duty
■ Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 - created the Office of Personnel Management to recruit, train, classify federal employees
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Organization■ Cabinet Departments - 15 executive
departments created to advice the president and operate specific policy
■ Independent Executive Agencies - similar to departments but without cabinet status
■ Independent Regulatory Agencies - independent from executive, to regulate or police
■ Government Corporations - business activities, charge for services
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28Copyright © 2013 Cengage
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Influences
■ Executive - appointing the right people, issuing executive orders, affecting the agency’s budget
■ Congressional - hearings, legislations, approve appointments, affect budget
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Influences■ Iron Triangle - alliance between
bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees
■ Issue Networks - interest groups, Congressional staff, think tanks, universities, media that discuss and advocate public policy
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Executive Office of the President
■ Established 1939 ■ Includes closest advisors to the
president ■ White House Office ■ National Security Council ■ Office of Management and Budget ■ Office of the Vice-President
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The Office of the President
■ The White House Office • Pyramid structure • Circular structure • Ad hoc structure
■ The Executive Office of the President ■ The Cabinet ■ Independent Agencies, Commissions,
and JudgeshipsCopyright © 2013 Cengage
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Executive Departments (Cabinet)
■ State, Treasury, Defense, Interior, Justice, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security