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Preservation of culture : the rural museum in the 21st century
by Michel Colardelle,Director of the Museum of European and
Mediterranean Civilizations (MuCEM) Paris/Marseilles (France).
Summer Academy - Euracademy - Chania - August 2007
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Introduction
Musée national des Arts et Traditions populaires(Paris)National Museum of PopularTraditionsand Arts
(Paris)
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1. The categories : definitions and hypotheses
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What is the « rural heritage » ?
« heritage »double process :• to live the heritage out ans to live out
of it• people who select fragments
« rural »• a form of territory in wich agricultural
and pastoral resources
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Economical and technical heritage
• vineyards, Wine museum,Beaune, Burgondy
• oyster park,Oyster museum,Damgan, Brittany
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Economical and technical heritage
• cattle farming, « Buron »fromAubrac,MNATPParis.
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Social heritage
• « Morvan nurses » • « Alpine colporteurs »
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Ethnologic or ethnographic heritage
• archeological• historical
museum of Celtic Civilization, Bibracte, Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray, Saône-et-Loire, Burgondy
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« Immaterial » heritage
• UNESCO
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The « nature »
• « cultural items »• « natural environment »• « ecology »
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A moutain eco-museum, La Roudoule in Puget-Rostang
(Alpes-Maritimes)
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« best practices »
• to limit the irreversible erosion of the moutain slopes(« restanques »...)
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What is a « rural museum » ?
• a museum of agriculture• a museum of rural life• a museum established in the countryside
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Museum of agriculture or rural life in urban environment
• MNATP
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• National museum of Agriculture (Budapest)
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Museum : farmof Planons in Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon (Ain)
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• cattle raising in Bresse region : poultry from Bresse
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What does « heritageprevervation » mean ?
• the prevervation of know-how, • of empiric knowledge, with a view to
reuse them or implement them anew ?• the museum plays a role in preserving
biodiversity
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Museum in Dampierre-sur-Boutonne (Charente-Maritime)
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• small sturdy donkey : Baudet du Poitou
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Prevervation as an « identity shelter » ?
• the « smaller homeland »• nostalgia• « soul cure »
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Mutation of the audience ?
• the indifference for the rural heritage• heritage as a meaning to « re-fabricate »
identity• evolution of the technical standards of
comfort : to expansive for the museums• the increased generational split
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2. What are the reasons for such museums ?
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Should we go on dedicating substantial amounts of money
to rural museums ?• It depends if equal opportunities and
democracy are capital issues > the question of the museum as
compared with other means of education• The economic development criterion > the preservation of a social fabric in a
rural environment, the development of the economy of tourism
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3. The best practices
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The right scale
• to specialize depending on the location and audience
• to develop a synthetic outlook• to set up networks of complementarities
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• Musée Dauphinois, Grenoble (Isère)
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The right method
• « cross-disciplinary approaches » (with Edgar Morin ’s definition of the term)
• the museum as a specific part in the realm of research
• the museum as a specific expertise
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The right notions
• to establish a coonection between the particular and general cases
• « shorter time » and « longer time »• to deconstructe the falsely obvious
concepts• the essential question of social attitudes
in face of changes
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The right museology
• the « breakaway museology » dear to Jacques Hainard
• the forms of presentation have to be permanently adapted to audiences
• the gradual falling into disuse of the classical system of « permanent exhibitions » in favour of « evolutive exhibitions »
• temporary exhibitions
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The right mediation
• the technical quality of explicative• the human agency• the quest for relationships with events> creation of social links (workshop,
senior citizens...)
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The right management
• citizens have to be involved, like « eco-museum »
• investment between the public sector and the private sector
• sponsoring
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Case study :
a new rural museum in the Rhône-Alpes region,
France : the bresse Museum -
Farm of Planon in Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon, Ain
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Le réseau des Musées des Pays de l’Ain
Situation du musée de la Bresse
à 15 minutes de Mâcon
à 30 minutes de Bourg en Bresse
à 1h15 de Lyon
à 1h30 de Genève
Nos racines ont de l’avenir
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nos racines ont de l’avenir
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nos racines ont de l’avenir
le nouveau bâtiment d’architecture contemporaine ouvert en juin 2005 exprime la volonté de ne pas bouleverser l’harmonie du bocage bressan, ni la perception du paysage
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souci d’intégration et d’originalité
bâtiment semi-enterré, en arc de cercle,
toiture végétalisée
maison d’habitation, façade principale, bâtiments historiques
la complicité des architectures,
la concordance des temps
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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une féerie de lumières et de couleurs : une muséographie qui place l’objet au cœur de la présentation, dans sa relation
avec son environnement par l’évocation du bocage bressan
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la muséographie propose une conversation systématique entre l’objet ethnographique -le quotidien-l’objet d’art -la représentation- et le texte écrit ou oral -l’interprétation scientifique et culturelle-.
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exposition « en Bresse, de pied en cap »
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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« Noce », Chavy, fin du 19ème siècle (détail), œuvre des collections nationales, déposée par le musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires
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collections d’émaux bressans : prototype de la parure de bureau réalisée en or pour le Shah d’Iran, Atelier Fornet, fin 19ème siècle
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dans la galerie des glaces. Etre et paraître : quotidien ou d’apparat, le vêtement est porteur de codes sociaux et d’expressions identitaires. Qu’en est-il aujourd’hui ?
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exposition « en Bresse,du terroir à l’assiette »
maquette de l’évolution du paysage en Bresse fin
18èmedébut du 21ème siècle
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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vision d’artistes contemporains
confiture de tomates vertes, Henri Girard-Depaix 1999
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alimentation et traditions culinaires
« Le Chef », automate musical, G.Vichy, vers 1870
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manières de table : la table bourgeoise
pièces d’orfèvrerie, 19ème siècle
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la volaille de Bresse, emblème du territoire
« Galligraphie », C.Dunoyer
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un scénario son et lumière dans la maison d’habitation, conçu grâce aux archives historiques du domaine
Les bâtiments historiques devenus objets de musée :
- illustration de l’importance des rapports à l’alimentation
- témoignage exceptionnel d’architecture vernaculaire
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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Le parcours se poursuit en plein air
Promenons-nous dans les bois : Sentier muséographié en sous-boispour découvrir les ressources et les
mystères de la forêt
Haies et bocage, cultures et jardins :Parcours découverte au fil des sentiersaménagés sur les 20 hectares dudomaine
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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des expositions temporaires…
exposition « Toqués de cuisine »
sur les pas des chefs étoilés
campagne de collecte nationale auprès des 170
plus grands chefs français
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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des services
nos racines ont de l’avenir
• aire de pique-nique
• mobiliers de repos
…
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… pour les petits comme pour les grands
• Jeu de quilles bressan…
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… et le café bressan
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la librairie-boutique du musée
boutique en accès libre
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espace séminaires - réunions -conférences
nos racines ont de l’avenir
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Case study :
The Museum of the Celtic Civilization - Bibracte,
Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray(Saône-et-Loire)
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Il y a plus de 2 000 ans, au cœur du Morvan, en Bourgogne, une ville, Bibracte, était la capitale d’un puissant peuple gaulois : les Éduens.
Bibracte est aujourd’hui le plus grand chantier archéologique européen consacré au monde celte.
Aujourd’hui, environ 100 000 visiteurs viennent chaque année arpenter les rues de la ville disparue, àla recherche des racines de leur civilisation.
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BIBRACTEc’est aujourd’hui une entreprise en charge de la gestion et de l’animation :
> du site archéologique de Bibracte
> du Centre archéologique européen
> du musée de la Civilisation celtique
BIBRACTE contrôle une chaîne opératoire complète,Comprenant d’une part la conservation d’un site et son étude,
d’autre part sa mise en valeur et l’accueil du public.
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Site archéologique de Bibracte
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Site naturel de Bibracte
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Des missions de gestion et conservation.
Un domaine forestier de 1000 ha de grande qualité environnementale
et d’intérêt archéologique pour 200 ha
> Site archéologique national
> Site naturel classé (loi de 1930)
> Monument historique classé (loi de 1913)
> Grand site de France (en cours)
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Jacques-Gabriel Bulliot (1817–1902) et Joseph Déchelette (1862–1914) Un pôle régional d’attraction culturelle et
touristique
> Un environnement naturel d’exception
> Un site archéologique en constante évolution
> Une vitrine de la civilisation celtique et des premières villes de l’Europe moyenne
> Des expositions et des événements tout au long de l’année
> Une politique active de démarchage et d’accueil du public
> Des activités éducatives pour les plus jeunes
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Typologie des visiteurs de Bibracte100.000 / an, dont : > 45.000 fréquentent le musée
> 8.000 scolaires> 50 % de régionaux et 20 % d ’étrangers
Amis de la Nature Relais du Savoir FidèlesPart des visiteurs 35 % 50 % 15 %Moins de 30 ans 39 % 28 %Plus de 60 ans 18 % 18 %Lieu de résidence principale France / Etranger BourgogneCentres d’intérêt Nature,voyages, Histoire, architecture, Histoire, architecture,
sports et loisirs loisirs culturels archéologieMode de visite dominant Site seul Site et musée Musée seul
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Bibracte demain ? « La ville disparue que l’archéologie fait revivre »
Un parc culturel associant plus intimement archéologie, civilisation celtique et nature proposant un programme et des services permettant de passer
une journée sur le site (visites guidées, animations, restauration)
La spécificité de Bibracte pour l’accueil du public
Un vaste parc archéologique en devenir, où la recherche de terrain est active en permanence
bassin de population à 1H30 de transport : < 400.000
à 3H de transport : > 10.000.000
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Bibracte demain ?
Une nouvelle étape de développement est à franchir=> nouveaux investissements (accueil, restauration, qualitépaysagère, mise en scène des chantiers) : 2,5 M€
=> nouvelle politique tarifaire (tarif à la journée)
=> surcoût d’exploitation compensé par les nouvelles recettes (billetterie, restauration, boutique)
A condition d’obtenir l’implication des collectivités territoriales (Région, Départements)…
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Le Chaudron de BibracteRestaurant-découverte au musée
Voyage gustatif et interactif
dans un espace d’inspiration gauloise !
Gaspacho gaulois
et salade de pois chiches
Cochon au pot
et ses provisions du jour
ou pilon de poulet mariné
sur demande
Fromage blanc au miel
ou aux 4 épices de Bibracte
et
Cervoisine
(gâteau à la myrtille et aux fruits secs)
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Les actions touristiques mises en place
1. actions en faveur du public local et bourguignonlaissez-passer Bibracte,programme de la saison culturelle 2006,distribution de documentation : tournées, salons de proximité…journée des communes.
2. actions en faveur du public étrangerdocumentation en 4 langues - audio-guides en 4 languesmarché néerlandais
3. actions en faveur du public handicapé
4. actions en partenariat avec les acteurs du tourisme bourguignonEductours – bourses d’échangesCafé touristique - opération carte blanchePass HébergeursEmailingLes divers accords : chéquier découverte 71, Pass villes, Clé des musées, Coeur de Bourgogne, passeport ambassadeur nivernais
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Une amélioration des accès
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• Un lieu d’accueil àrepenser pour le confort de tous et l’agrément de la boutique
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Des moyens humains au service des publics :
- 5 hôtesses d’accueil- 9 saisonniers en été- 20 guides animateurs
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Des contradictions à gérer
• 1500 visiteurs en mars• plus de 11 000 en août
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Musée de la Civilisation Celtique
45.000 visiteurs par an au musée, dont 8.000 scolaires
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Case study :
The Museum of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye
(Alpes-de-Haute-Provence)
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Case study :
A moutain eco-museum, La Roudoule in Puget-Rostang
(Alpes-Maritimes)
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Case study :
a museum of agriculturein a urban district
Le Conservatoire de l ’Agriculture - COMPAChartres (Eure-et-Loir)
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