Electrical and thermal energy balance analysis for an off-grid campground siteJuly 13th, 2011
SupervisorsProf. dr. ir. J.L.M. HensenDr. dipl.-ing M. TrckaB. Lee MSc
Jeroen van Hellenberg Hubar, BEng
08-04-2023
Outline
• Introduction
• Objective
• Research Question
• Methodology
• Preliminary results
• Future plan
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Introduction
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• Current energy situation• Buildings are always connected to the grid
− Electricity− Gas
• Source of energy neither a choice or concern
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Introduction
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• Remote / rural area• Buildings are completely off-grid• Energy has to be provided with an off-grid
energy source.
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Introduction
• International Energy Agency (IEA)• Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems (ECBCS)• Annexes / Tasks
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Goal: “ Integrated and performance based solutions for energy efficient and environmentally friendly buildings and communities, that support sustainability and produce carbon-free energy according to demand”
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Introduction
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• Annex 54• “Integration of Micro-Generation and Related Energy Technologies
in Buildings”
• Subtask B• “Use simulations to develop an extensive library of performance
studies and synthesis techniques to identify generic performance trends and “rules of thumb” regarding the appropriate deployment of micro-generation technologies.”
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Objective
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Develop a concept design (with a case study to demonstrate) for an off-grid community
• Ensure the comfort of the occupants• The energy generation is an optimized combination of different
renewable micro generation technologies.
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Research Question
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Research Question
“How to develop a design concept which ensures the comfort of the occupants, and has an optimized (system) performance of an energy system with 100% renewable micro-generation technologies which has to satisfy the electrical and thermal energy demand, for an off-grid campground at Texel, in the Netherlands?”
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Research Question
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Sub Questions
1. How to ensure the comfort, in terms of the availability of domestic hot water, electricity and a desirable indoor temperature for an off grid campground?
2. In which way shall the individual components be integrated / incorporated as a energy system that balances demand with generation for an off-grid campground?
3. Which configuration, of different technology mixes, is the most favorable for supplying the campground with thermal and electrical energy?
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Methodology
Computational Research/paper [Ashby, 2005]• Input• Computational Tools• Method
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[Ashby, 2005]: Ashby, M. (2005) How to write a paper, Engineering Department University of Cambridge, Cambridge 6th Edition.
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Methodology
Input
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Demand side• Auto Camper Service International (ASCI) guide• Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs, agriculture and innovation
(Agentschap NL)• Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)• Knowledge Institute for the installation technology sector (ISSO)• Association of water companies in the Netherlands (VEWIN)• IEA Solar Heating & Cooling program (IEA-SHC Task 26)
Generation side• Solar panel; ZEN Power 205• Solar collector; Natatech SX 2.85• Urban wind turbine; Turby• Off-shore wind turbine; Vestas V164-7.0• Heatpump; Air-water heatpump TRNSYS configuration• Auxilliary heaters; TRNSYS configuration
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Methodology
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(Computational) Tools• Google SketchUp: Designing the 3D-models for the accommodation and
facilities at the campground• Trnsys3d: Convert the 3D-model to the simulation program TRNSYS.• TRNSYS: the transient energy system simulation tool, which is used to
create the space heating demand and to balance the energy demand and energy generation;
• Microsoft Excel: The electricity demand, domestic hot water demand and occupancy profile are created in this spreadsheet software;
• ModeFRONTIER: Optimization software
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Methodology
Method• Creating input profiles according the Dutch comfort norms• Creating energy demand profiles according the Dutch norms• Model the energy demand and generation in TRNSYS• Define the optimization performance indicators• Formulate the optimization parameters• Optimize the energy generation according to the strategy towards
near-zero energy and carbon emissions in the built environment• Define a (small) performance trend between the energy demand of
a campground and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands.
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Results will be presented in this presentation
Future research
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Input profiles
PAGE 14
Source: Auto Camper Service International (ASCI) guide
Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)
Campground
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Input profiles
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Domestic Hot Water(DHW)
EquipmentFlow
[L/s of 60oC]Operation time
[min]
Toilet sink 0,042 6
Kitchen sink 0,083 6
Shower 0,083 10
Source: Knowledge Institute for the installation technology sector (ISSO)
Association of water companies in the Netherlands (VEWIN)
IEA Solar Heating & Cooling program (IEA-SHC Task 26)
Space heating
RoomTemperature
[oC]
Accommodation 20
Facilities 20
Shower building 22
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Input profiles
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EquipmentOperation time
[h]Energy
[W]Charging Phone 1 72
Mini-fridge 24 69
Big Fridge 24 125
Radio 2 20
Oven 0,25 700
Small water cooker 0,5 625
Water cooker 0,5 1725
Microwave 0,25 460
Combi microwave 0,25 1100
Charging laptop 3 130
TV 2 120
Ceramic Cooking place 0,5 1310
Electricity Use
Source: Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs,
agriculture and innovation (Agentschap NL)
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Normal distribution
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jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep okt nov dec0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Appearance of accommodations on a luxurious campground
Tent 01Tent 02Cabin 01Cabin 02CaravanCamper
Time (Month of the year)
Nr
of
acco
mm
od
atio
ns
[#]
Energy demand profiles
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Campground occupancy • Average occupancy in the Netherlands = 14,1%
jan may aug nov0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Occupancy profile of a campground
Time [Month of year]
Occ
up
ancy
[x10
0%]
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep okt nov dec0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Appearance of accommodations on a Traditional Campground
Tent 01
Tent 02
Time [Month of the year]
Nr
of
acco
mo
dat
ion
s [#
]
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics of the Netherlands (CBS)
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Energy demand profiles
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Domestic Hot Water(DHW)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Facilities
Washing place (hot water)
Showers (hot water)
(snack)bar
Restaurant
Recreation space
Indoor pool
Sauna
time [h]
Flo
w [
L o
f 60
C /
h]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 240.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Accommodations
Tent 01
Tent 02
Cabin 01
Cabin 02
Caravan
Camper
Time [h]
Flo
w [
L o
f 60
C /
h]
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Energy demand profiles
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Electricity demand
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Facilities
Washing machines
Washing place (hot water)
Showers (hot water)
(snack)bar
Internet facility
Drying machines
Restaurant
Recreation space
ATM
Solarium
Indoor pool
Sauna
Whirlpool
time [h]
Ele
ctri
city
dem
and
[w
h]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 230
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Accommodations
Tent 01
Tent 02
Cabin 01
Cabin 02
Caravan
Camper
time [h]
Ele
ctri
city
dem
and
[w
]
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Energy demand profile
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Energy demand profile
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(1) The daily electricity demand created by the normal distribution of several appliances in tent02. (2) The number of tents of type 02 at the traditional campground. (3) The occupancy of the campground throughout a year. (4) A combination of the previous three the final electricity demand for tent02 on the traditional campground.
9 423 837 1251166520792493290733213735414945634977539158056219663370477461787582890
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Electricity demand for the traditional campground [kWh]
time [h]
Ele
ctri
city
den
and
[kW
h]
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Energy demand profile
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model for a cabin
Space heating demand
Source: Dutch Agency of the ministry of Economic affairs,
agriculture and innovation (Agentschap NL) / Building Physics & Systems
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TRNSYS model
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Demand side; Accommodations / facilities
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TRNSYS model
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Generation side; Thermal energy
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DHW
HW
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TRNSYS model
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Generation side: Electrical energy
Weather Crystalline model, Type94a, 48m2
Type57
C K
ZEN-KP205
ELECTRICITY - PV (ZEN)
Integral
Vestas V164-7.0
Turby
Turby-3Integral-2
ELECTRICITY - WIND
Pbusbar
Type102a Type120a
ELECTRICITY - DIESEL
Power control
Battery
Battery SOC
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Performance indicators
• Energy• CO2
• (Investment) cost
• Minimize the Green House Gas(GHG) emissions• Reason: IPCC 2007 report states GHG, in specific CO2, are main causes of the temperature change on earth
• How: Using renewable micro-generation technologies and adding CO2 emission factor to each equipment (only the CO2 emission during energy production is taken into account)
• Minimize the (investment) cost of the equipment• Reason: Decisions are made upon (investment) costs• How: Adding a (investment) price for each equipment per size for the optimization (m2 / kW / KJ / etc)
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Research focus is not on reducing the energy demand but on balancing the energy demand and generation. Therefore a community is allowed to use energy .The performance indicators are to minimize CO2 emittance and the (investment) costs of the energy source.
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Optimization parameters
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Constrains
ObjectivesMODEfrontierInput
parameters
Solar panelSolar collectorUrban wind turbineHeat pumpAuxiliary heater DHWAuxiliary heater HWFan coilBuffer DHWBuffer HWBattery
Generation
Equipment
Size
Indoor Temperature according Dutch NormsDHW output temperature >60C
Minimize CO2 emittanceMinimize (investment) cost
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Methodology
Method• Creating input profiles according the Dutch comfort norms• Creating energy demand profiles according the Dutch norms• Model the energy demand and generation in TRNSYS• Define the optimization performance indicators• Formulate the optimization parameters• Optimize the energy generation according to the strategy towards
near-zero energy and carbon emissions in the built environment• Define a (small) performance trend between the energy demand of
a campground and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands.
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Future research
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Expected results
• IEA ANNEX 54 related− Country-specific case study on the performance of micro-generation systems.− Study of the viability of micro-generation systems in different operational
contexts and the impacts of micro-generation on the wider community.
• Research community related− An optimal trade off between the CO2 emittance and the (investment) cost
regarding the size of several micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands. − A (small) performance trend between the energy demand and the mix of the
micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands
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Optimization
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• Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM)• Pareto Optimization Analysis
− Identifies the set of non-dominated solutions and visualizes the projection of this set in the objective space; CO2 emittance vs. Cost− This pareto frontier is a trade-off curve which gives a compromise solution from the
reduced set of alternatives.
• One optimization for the thermal energy part• One optimization for the electrical energy part
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Performance trend
• Performance indicators− Minimize CO2 emittance
− Minimize (investment) cost
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Campground specific optimal mix of micro-generation technologies regarding their size.
Traditional Basic Comfort Luxuriouscampground campground campground campground
A small performance trend between the energy demand and the mix of the micro-generation technologies in the Netherlands
Multi Objective optimization
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Future plan
1. Prepare traditional campground model for optimization
2. Obtain more knowledge about optimization
3. Learn how to use MODEfrontier
4. Optimization of traditional campground
5. Modify/adjust the model for the other campgrounds
6. Optimization of the other campgrounds
7. Define a small performance trend
8. Write thesis as a paper
• Finish nov/dec
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Electrical and thermal energy balance analysis for an off-grid campground siteJuly 13th, 2011
SupervisorsProf. dr. ir. J.L.M. HensenDr. dipl.-ing M. TrckaB. Lee MSc
Jeroen van Hellenberg Hubar, BEng