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Current situation of important vector-borne diseases in Thailand
Uraiwan Arunyawat & T. Chareonviriyaphap
Kasetsart University, Bangkok Thailand
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Outline
• Four main vector-borne diseases
– Malaria
– Lymphatic filariasis
– Chikungunya
– Dengue
• Perspectives
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Malaria in the world
43% of 5.6 billion population at risk
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Malaria vector in Thailand
Leucosphyrus Group Funestus Group Maculatus Group
An. sawadwongporni (species A) *
An. maculatus (species B, E, F)*
An. pseudowillmori (species I)*
Minimus Complex
An. minimus (species A)*
Aconitus Subgroup
An. aconitus*
Dirus Complex
An. dirus (species A)*
An. baimaii (species D)*
* malaria vector
http://www.typepad.com http://www.typepad.com http://www.typepad.com
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Parasite: Plasmodium
• Taxonomy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Coccidia
Order: Haemosporidia
Genus: Plasmodium
• Human malarias
Plamodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium knowlesi
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Parasite rate
Year
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Source: BVBD (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014)
Malaria cases in Thailand (Thai) N
um
ber
of
mal
aria
cas
es
year
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Malaria cases in Thailand (Non-Thai) N
um
ber
of
mal
aria
cas
es
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Malaria in Thailand (Jan-Sep, 2015)
4,701 cases
4 deaths
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Prevalence
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Lymphatic filariasis
http://image.dek-d.com/24/2652954/106532183
http://pixshark.com/brugia-malayi-microfilaria.htm
Mosquito vectors of filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti: Culex quinquefasciatus Brugia malayi: Mansonia spp., Aedes spp.
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http://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/857935/fig3/
Lymphatic filariasis in Thailand
Source: CDC, 2003
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Current Filariasis cases in Thailand
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Nu
mb
er
of
case
s
Year
7, (0.01)
9, (0.01)
3, (0.00)
11, (0.02) 9, (0.01)
19, (0.03)
13, (0.02)
25, (0.04)
17, (0.03)
6, (0.01)
* Morbidity rate/100000 Pop
0, (0) 0, (0)
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Filariasis cases (2005-2014)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Nu
mb
er
of
case
s
Year
Thai
Non-Thai
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Chikungunya in Thailand
Aedes albopictus Exophilic and Exophagic mosquito
Aedes aegypti Endophilic and Endophagic mosquito
Vectors of Chikungunya
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• The first record found in Bangkok, 1958
• The fever disappeared from Thailand 14 years
• Until some cases were reported in Prachin Buri, 1976
• Since in 2009, Chikungunya fever has re-emerged again with at least 55 provinces
Chikungunya in Thailand
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Years Cases Deaths 2008 2,494 0 2009 52,057 0 2010 1,565 0 2011 169 0 2012 84 0 2013 125 0 2014 190 0 2015 13 0
Number of Chikungunya cases
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Myanmar
Lao PDR
Cambodia
Malaysia
morbidity rate /100000 population
• Jan 1, 2015 – Oct 5, 2015
• 13 cases
• No death
• 6 Provinces
Chikungunya cases in Thailand
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Dengue situation in Thailand
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0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
46214 64872
88274
55694
114607
68864 77947
148306
40118
88812
615
709
1352
957
2340
936
1646
6138
964
2606
Thai Non Thai
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
59
90 99
47
129
63
82
131
48
90
0
5 3
3
10
0
5
5
1
1
Thai Non Thai
Cases
Deaths
Nu
mb
er o
f d
eath
s N
um
ber
of
case
s
Reported total cases and deaths of dengue fever by Thai and non Thai
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0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
17062
25446
36645
25194
53149
29759
39911
87502
23170
55408
29024
39053
51355
30480
60770
38639 38263
64645
35029 35029
743 1082 1626 977 3028
1402 1419 2297 558 981
Reported cases of DF, DHF, DSS between 2006-2015
Source: Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health
DF: Dengue fever
DHF: Dengue hemorrhagic fever DSS: Dengue shock syndrome
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0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
Health official
Special work
Monk
livestock
Unknow/preschool
Other
Teacher
Fisherman
Military, Policeman
Student
Housework
Trade
Labor
Government officer
Agriculture work
Reported cases by occupation
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
Seasonal Trend of Dengue in Thailand
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North 139.91
Northeast 117.28
Central 187.21
South 82.68
1. Rayong 454.04 2. Rachaburi 416.31 3. Petchburi 416.29 4. Uthaithani 352.54 5. Trad 342.63
Morbidity rate / 100,000 population
Dengue at 1 January 2015 - 12 October 2015
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Mosquito breeding habitats
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Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious-disease mosquitoes
My main interest is to understand evolutionary aspects of malaria and dengue vectors, using SNP data and statistical analyses of population genetic models, in order to achieve an effective malaria and dengue vectors control program.
1. Molecular population genetics of malaria vectors in Thailand based on SNP data
2. Evolutionary genetic studies of immune system genes in malaria vectors
3. Population structure and linkage disequilibrium of dengue virus vector
Current research projects:
4. Local adaptation of malaria vectors in Thailand
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“Local adaptation” research project
NGS Technology
GENOMICS TRANSCRIPTOMICS PROTEOMICS
Climate change Local adaptation vs. Phenotypic plasticity
Circadian clock genes
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• Prof. Dr. Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
• Dr. Michael J. Bangs
• Prof. Dr. Sylvie Manguin
• EGCB lab members at Dept. of Genetics, KU
• Theeraphap’s lab members at Dept. of Entomology, KU
Thanks