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Generator
Transformer
Transmission line
Under ground Cable
Reactors
Capacitors
Motors
Instrument Transformer
Circuit Breaker
FACTS
HVDC
GIS
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Generator Related Issues
Transient Stability
Small Signal Stability
Sub synchronous Oscillations
Abnormal Frequency
Exciter Limit
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2 LC
C
C C
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Switching Transients/ other Issues
Transformer
Transmission line
Under ground cable Switching
Reactors
Capacitors
Motors
GIS
Lightning Transient
Ferro Resonance
Power Quality
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Generator Stability
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load shedding studies
Load shedding is an attempt to
match load to the availablegeneration after a disturbance that
has left a deficiency in the
generation relative to the connected
loads
Frequency with and with out loadshedding
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Direct Flash
ResultsBack Flash
Results
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Other Specialized Studies
Circuit Breaker transient Recovery voltage
Capacitor Bank Switching Studies
Generator Circuit breaker arcing study
Ferro-resonance
Motor Starting study
Power Quality Study
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Shunt Reactor
Neutral Grounding
Reactor (NGR)
Shunt Capacitors
Series Capacitor
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Arc ResistantSwitchgear
Undergoing TestFor an Arcing Fault
A A
E
C B A E A
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0 1.2 C
1 5 &
2 8 C + &
3 25 C + & + C
4 40 C + & + D C &
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Load Generation balance is
very critical for reliablepower system
Transmission system plans,monitor, control the system
integrity power with
generation, IPP and load
center
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The challenge in the IPP interconnection is to
ensure that the new generating facilities and
the transmission system will operate reliably
under all reasonably anticipated operating
conditions.
Power flow, short circuit, transient stability,
protection, control studies were performed to
identify transmission system limitations forinterconnecting the IPP Generation.
Studies are performed to assess temporary or
transient over-voltage conditions.
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IPP Performance requirements
General
Excitation Control System.
Turbine Control System.
PSS tuning
Protection Requirements.
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General
0.85 () 0.95 ().
59.5 60.5 .
A 57.0 59.5
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5% .
62.5 57.0,
.
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, , ( ),
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Excitation Control System
A E
0.5%
10
E
()
A .
AVR
Excitation Transformer
ThyristorConverter
AC1)
Break
PT
CTController
DC Discharge
DC1)
Breaker
A , AC
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Turbine Control System E
.
2 8%.
5%. ,
57.5 60.2 .
.
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PSS
Excitation
AVRU ref
~If Ug
+++
-
Generator
SetpointU Netz
Grid
PSS
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Protection Requirements
(
)
:
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Transmission System Parameters
D
E
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: 5%
30 : 10%
: 58.8 60.5
30 : 57.5 61.5
30 : 57 62.5
: 1.5 % ( 1%)
519
1 %
1 3%
0. 5
0.6 5
110 & 115 120
132 & 230 100
30 0
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Utility-scale photovoltaic (PV) powerplants that support grid stability and
reliability are becoming available as PV
generation grows to the point of making
a significant contribution to the grid.
Plant shut-down and start-up controls
Power curtailment at different levels
Dynamic power-factor regulation
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Notified Unplanned Outages
A Generator must, if it considers that a Generating Unit will require an Outage
which cannot reasonably be deferred to become a Planned Outage or a STPM but
of which it has some advance warning, give the TSP notice.
The TSP may request the Generator to advance or defer the Outage. The
Generator must then (subject to any intervening Outage) take the Outage in
accordance with that agreement.
Forced Outages
In the event that a Generating Unit suffers a Forced Outage, the Generator shall
inform the TSP within ten (10) minutes of the commencement of the Outage.
In such an event, the TSP shall have the right to inspect the Generating Unit andall relevant records on any Business Day and at a reasonable time.
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Motor Fast Bus Transfer
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C
C
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C / C
C
C
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Sensors, Computing, Communication
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GPS satellite
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GPS satellite
PMU
PMUPMU
PMU
PDC
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Benefits of PMU:
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