Preparing and Giving Oral Presentations
Today’s agenda:1. Course evaluation
2. General principles for oral presentations
Tell a storyAn oral presentation has the same elements that are in written papers (including Acknowledgments) but generally without references.
1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Conclusion/Summary
Introduction1. Convince the audience that the problem is important
and interesting.
2. Give enough background and context to allow them to understand the study; state the goals clearly.
3. Assume that they are interested but not informed.
4. Avoid needless jargon and digressions.
5. Use humor only with caution. You want people to take you seriously, so be professional.
Methods
1. Describe the important methods—try mixing:– Cartoons (simple line-drawings)– Schematics– Photographs– Text
2. Find simple ways to express complex methods.
3. Minimize the number of words. People will read them and not listen to you!
Results
1. Only show results relevant to the story.
2. Graphs—make sure they are simple and clean but avoid graphs that show too little information.
3. Use tables cautiously—they often contain more information than you really want to present.
4. Avoid negative space—use photos or other things to fill the space and add content.
Figures
1. If appropriate, show the audience what your animal(s) looks like.
2. Choose sharp colorful images, preferably taken live in the field.
3. If borrowed from the Internet or taken from a publication, don’t forget to provide a credit-line in the margin.
4. If appropriate, consider “building” an image with multiple slides to add complexity.
Steelhead life-cycleOcean Freshwater
Estuary
Steelhead life-cycleOcean Freshwater
Estuary
Are the sizes at ocean entry of juvenile steelhead from upstream and estuary habitats different?Is there size-dependent mortality at sea?Do estuary-reared juveniles recruit disproportionately to the adult population?Is there differential growth between the two habitats?
Graphs
1. Make sure graphs can be read:– Use a simple font, not something weird– Symbols (squares, diamonds, etc.) should be big– Use a large font—think of the person in the back
2. Take time to explain all axes.3. Explain/describe the “take home” message implied
by each graph.4. Colors should be consistent among graphs and not
too complicated.
0
250
500
750
1000
10 25 50 70
Afternoon: N = 1520
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500
750
1000
10 25 50 70
Evening: N = 1795
0
250
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750
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1250
10 25 50 70
Night: N = 2440
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10 25 50 70
Dawn: N = 1951
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10 25 50 70
Morning: N = 1580
Anglerfish catches were low in the afternoon, peaked at midnight, and then decreased in the morning.
Overall, most fish were caught at a depth of 25 m. Catches in 10 m only occurred at night.
Diel catches of anglerfish
OK, but a bit wordy and complicated
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
10 25 50 70
Night: N = 2440
0
250
500
750
1000
10 25 50 70
Morning: N = 1580
Catches of anglerfish were low in the afternoon, they peaked at midnight, and then decreased.
There was also a shift toward shallower water at night.
Diel catches of anglerfish
Depth (m)
Abun
danc
e
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
10 25 50 70
Night: N = 2440
0
250
500
750
1000
10 25 50 70
Morning: N = 1580
Catches of anglerfish were low in the afternoon, they peaked at midnight, and then decreased.
There was also a shift toward shallower water at night.
Diel catches of anglerfish
Depth (m)
Abun
danc
e
Bars with different colors can convey information
Tables
Use sparingly
depth (m) afternoon evening night dawn morning Grand Total
10 203.7 180.9 189.6 175.4 214.6 184.5
25 198.3 210.2 213.6 202.2 185.7 200.6
50 223.3 231.9 233.6 225.5 226.4 228.8
70 262.0 255.9 261.6 260.4 259.3 259.9
total 218.2 213.6 211.2 206.4 208.8 211.4
Tablesdepth (m) afternoon evening night dawn morning Grand Total
10 203.7 180.9 189.6 175.4 214.6 184.5
25 198.3 210.2 213.6 202.2 185.7 200.6
50 223.3 231.9 233.6 225.5 226.4 228.8
70 262.0 255.9 261.6 260.4 259.3 259.9
total 218.2 213.6 211.2 206.4 208.8 211.4
If you must show tables:1. Highlight pertinent results2. Make font large enough to read3. Avoid excessive decimal places4. Take the time to explain the table
Conclusions
1. Parallel to the Discussion in a paper.
2. Use the pyramid technique: First interpret the results in light of the hypotheses, then put them in the context of broader literature.
3. Use bullets with key points: Explain each bullet thoroughly, and minimize the number of words and lines.
Practice your talk!
1. Does your time exceed what is allowed and did you leave time at the end for questions?
2. What points will you cover for each slide? A good rule of thumb is one slide per minute, unless you are showing photos or graphs with the same x- and y-axes.
3. Resist the temptation to keep adding material. Beyond a point, the audience will not remember any more, and will often remember less.
Common mistakes in oral presentations1. Not enough introduction Don’t start “mid-paragraph”2. Too much text
Reading from slides word for word—avoid like the plague!3. Talking to the screen Look at your audience, make eye contact4. Fonts too small or weird (this is inappropriate)
Use sans-serif fonts (calibri or arial)5. Distracting colors
Avoid red-green combination; aim for contrast6. Spelling errors
Proofreed everything (again)7. Abrupt style changes between sections
Check transitions between all sections8. Technological incompatibility
Check for Mac/PC hiccups
Overall format and color schemesDecide on a simple format and stick to it:1. Light background and dark letters or vice versa.2. Make sure there is good contrast.3. Be consistent in font placement, size and style.4. Be careful of certain color combinations.
Red on blue is hard to read
Yellow on white is hard to read
Blue on red is hard to read
http://www.toledo-bend.com/colorblind/Ishihara.asp
Color blindness: What do you see?
The Ishihara test
Oral paper presentations
On Wednesday, each of you will give a PowerPoint presentation on the research project you’ve been working on during the quarter. Please limit your talk to 6 minutes, allowing 1 or 2 minutes for questions and/or comments. All of us will grade each talk.
Oral paper presentations on WednesdayWe’re all going to grade each other—here’s the grading scheme:4.0 Outstanding in all respects: clearly spoken, well-organized, informative introduction, understandable methods, good graphics, sound conclusions, on time (A).3.7 Excellent presentation: strong in all respects but with one or more aspects showing some weakness (A-).3.3 Very good presentation: strong overall but weak in some areas such as graphics, clarity of ideas and logic, organization (B+).3.0 Good presentation: sound in general but some conspicuous weaknesses in important areas such of organization, logic and graphics (B).2.7 Pretty good presentation: a good effort but quite weak in several areas (B-).2.3 Fair presentation: difficult to follow, graphics unclear, not logical (C+).2.0 Weak presentation: little effort made to understand, organize and present the information (C).
Name 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.0
Sydni Baumgart
Jessica Blanchette
Rachel Ellison
Sarah Friedman
Chris Hui
Garrett Knoll
Adrienne McColl
Alex Nanni
Zack Oyafuso
Andrew Wilson
Oral Presentation Grade Sheet
Assignment for Wednesday:1. Read the book on PowerPoint presentations, pages 215–226.
2. Work on your presentation, practice your delivery, and get the timing down.
3. E-mail me a copy of your presentation sometime before 2:15 on Wednesday.