Italian Renaissance
• Leonardo da Vinci• Michelangelo• Petrarch – sonnets• Machievelli’s The Prince• Humanism• The Medici Family
Who were the Medici’s?
• Wealthy family in Florence• Patrons of the arts• Ruled Florence absolutely – even though it
was a republic
What were the results of the Plague?
• Social Unrest• Population declined• Labor shortages• Breaking of feudal ties• Disruption of trade
What caused decline in Papal authority?
• Deaths from the Plague
• Loss of the Holy Land in the Crusades
• The Great Schism
What is Manorialism?
• Peasants are usually serfs• Economic System• Self-sufficient• Loyalty is exchanged for land and
protections
Magna Carta
• Nobles forced King John of England to sign it
• Limited the King’s powers
• Meant to protect the nobles
Results of the Crusades
• Facilitated trade between Europe and the Middle East
• Increased Cultural and Economic ties between Europe and the Middle East
• Increased tensions between Christians, Muslims, and Jews
What led to weakening of Middle Ages institutions?
• Bubonic Plague – Broke Feudalism, decrease Church authority
• Hundred Years War- No more knights, increased nationalism
• Great Schism- Decrease in church authority
Mali
• Mansa Musa ruled• Pilgrimage to Mecca• Islam• Trans-Saharan trade
route• Tolls collected in gold
and salt
Feudalism• Political system where loyalty is exchanged for
land and protection• Used to safe-guard against Viking attacks
What purpose did monasteries serve in the Middle Ages?
• Preserved ancient manuscripts• Served as the foundation for universities
What caused the Sunni-Shi’a split?
• Death of Ali• Disagreement over who has a right to be the
caliph• Shia believe it should be a relative, Sunni don’t
believe this…
What helped lead to expansion of Islamic Empire?
• Devotion of people to the cause• Religious persecution and unrest in the
Byzantine and Persian Empires
What are some similarities between Hammurabi’s Code and Justinian’s Code?
• Written law codes• Became basis for laws • Lasted after death of creators
Divided Roman Empire
Western Rome• Attacked by pastoral
nomads• Spoke Latin• Practiced Roman
Catholicism• Authority is Pope• Falls in 5th century to
Germanic tribes
Eastern Rome• Attacked by pastoral
nomads• Spoke Greek• Practiced Eastern Orthodox • Authority is Emperor and
Patriarch• Lasted hundreds of years
after the fall of the western empire in the 5th century
Which religions are monotheistic and sent out missionaries to spread religion?
• Christianity and Islam
Julius Caesar
• Member of 1st Triumvirate• General• Led forces in Gaul• Defeated Pompey• Named dictator for LIFE• NOT EMPEROR• Killed by Senate
Athenians and Roman Government
Athenian Democracy• Direct democracy• Every citizen votes on every
bit of legislation• Built splendid buildings to
beautify Athens• Insisted on proper worship
of the gods for protection
Roman Republic• Citizens elect
representatives to rule for them
• Built splendid buildings to beautify Rome
• Insisted on proper worship of the gods (with the exception of the Jews)
How did the Roman Republic evolve over time?
• More power was given to the plebeians after the patricians abuse their power.
Who did cross-Asian trade (Silk Roads) connect?
• Roman Empire was now connected with Chinese textile producers.
Timeline in Rome
Roman Republic (500s BCE-27 BCE)Punic Wars (200s BCE)Roman Expansion
Julius Caesar and 1st Triumvirate (50s-40s BCE)collapse of Republic 27 BCE
Augustus Caesar and Imperial Rome (27 BCE- 476 BCE)Pax Romana (27 BCE- 180 CE)“Bad Emperors” (37-224 CE)Christianity (1st century CE)Germanic Invasions (Late 2nd century to 476 CE)Fall of Western Rome 476 CE
Han China and Rome
Han China• Centralized government
ruled by Emperor• Women were subordinated-
dictated by Confucianism- and in home
• Confucianism emphasized ancestor worship, obedience, filial piety
• Rapid expansion and trade with Rome
Imperial Rome• Centralized government
ruled by an Emperor• Women were subordinated-
dictated in religion as well as society- and in home
• Rapid expansion and trade with China
Motives for the CrusadesReligious Economic PoliticalPope Urban II promised those who fought and died a place in Heaven.
They wanted to “take back” the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks
Knights and commoners were fired up by their religious zeal.
Younger sons wanted to gain land and prestige by either fighting in this or gaining land from their deceased brothers
Land was promised to those who went and fought on behalf of the Christians.
Lords and kings wanted to give the feuding knights something to do. They always fought and this threatened the peace in the kingdom.
Kings gained favoritism and prestige for leading troops in the war.
Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism• Centered in Rome• Far from seat of power in
the Roman Empire• Pope in head• Pope has authority over
kings and emperors• Latin in liturgy• Priests never marry and
practice celibacy
Eastern Orthodoxy• Centered in Constantinople• Closer to seat of power in
Roman Empire• Patriarch is head• Emperor has authority over
the Patriarch• Greek in liturgy• Priest can marry• Use icons to aid devotions
American Civilization
Aztec• Headed by Emperor• Agricultural and collect tribute• Live in the desert• Tenochtitlan and Teotihuacan • Human sacrifice large scale for
worship• Worship sun god - polytheistic• Constantly warring and taking
over new territories• Fell because of the
conquistadores• Written language
Inca• Headed by emperor• Primarily agricultural – divided
cities up by growing abilities• Live in mountains – high-altitude
agriculture• Cuzco and Machu Picchu• Ancestor worship through
mummies• Worship sun god – polytheistic• Fell because of conquistadores• Built road system with runners,
single language, and accounting system
• No written language