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PHILOSOPHY OF
PHYSICALEDUCATION,
EXERCISESCIENCE, AND
SPORTA love of wisdom and
the pursuit of truthCopyright 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Five Traditional Philosophies Idealism
a philosophical theory advocating
Realismthe philosophical system stressing that the lawsand order of the world as revealed by science areindependent from human experiences
Pragmatisman American movement in philosophy
Naturalisma belief that the scientific laws of nature
govern life and that individual goals are more importantthan societal goals
Existentialisma twentieth-century philosophy
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IDEALISMTruth is universal
and absolute
The mind is critical to allunderstanding since only
through reasoning and mentalprocesses can truth emerge.
Never-changing idealscomprise the ultimate reality.
Ideals, virtues, and truths areuniversal and remain the sameregardless of how individuals
may interpret them.
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IDEALISM
The mind and the body are
optimally to be developed
simultaneously, as a whole,
although physical activity issecondary to the
development of the mind and
thought processes.The idealist believes that
there is one correct way to
perform sports skills.
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REALISM
The physical education
curriculum includes activities
and experiences that enablestudents to understand the laws
of the physical world.
Learning is subject-centeredand includes progressions,
drills, and objective evaluation.
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PRAGMATISMReality is a
total of individual experiencesUltimate reality must be experienced and is
ever-changing rather than absolute.
Truth and values are functions of the
consequences of the time and the context areconsidered good if successful.
Social responsibilities are essential as every
individual functions with and contributes tosociety.
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PRAGMATISM
Students develop social efficiency as they
experience solving the problems of life and
learn how to become better functioning
members of society.
A student-centered curriculum encourages
students to develop their social and
interpersonal skills and to set and achieve
personal goals.
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NATURALISMLaws of
nature govern life and
individual goals
Truth and things valued exist within the
physical realm of nature. Everything according to nature means
that students learn and develop in and
through nature. Physical well-being enhances a readiness to
learn mental, moral, and social skills.
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NATURALISM
Individualized learning occurs through
self-discovery and exploration of ones
capabilities and interests.
Through problem-solving, students
progress in skill development at their ownrates.
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EXISTENTIALISMTruth and
values are based on ones
experiencesHuman experiences and individual
determinism construct reality.Each persons experiences determine truth,
which is uniquely personal.
An individuals value system, which istotally controlled by choice, is tempered by
an understanding of social responsibility.
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EXISTENTIALISM
The desired educational outcome is the self-
actualizing person, who must accept the
consequences of actions taken. Individualized activities in physical
education and sport encourage creativity,
self-awareness and personal responsibilityfor learning.
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IMPORTANCE OF THE
BODY Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Naturalism
Existentialism
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CURRICULAR FOCUS
Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Naturalism
Existentialism
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IMPORTANCE OF THE
TEACHER
Idealism
Realism
PragmatismNaturalism
Existentialism
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OBJECTIVES
Idealismdevelopment of personalityand mind
Realismtraining students to meet therealities of life
Pragmatismhelping students to becomebetter functioning members of society
Naturalismdevelopment of the whole
personExistentialismassisting students to
become self-actualizing, independent
beings
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METHODOLOGY
Idealismlecture; question-answerdiscussions
Realismuse of real world, drills,
lectures, and projects Pragmatismproblem solving
Naturalisminformal; problem solving
Existentialismquestions raised,thoughts provoked, and freedom of actionencouraged by the teacher
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WEAKNESSES
Idealismresistance to change; development ofthe body is secondary to the mind
Realismtoo narrow a view; everything mustconform to natural laws or it is wrong
Pragmatismlack of fixed aims to give studentsstability and direction
Naturalismtoo simple an education for acomplex world
Existentialismoveremphasis on individuality
precludes preparation for social life
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PHILOSOPHY QUIZ1. The __________advocates that students must indicate
their readiness to attempt to learn a cartwheel.2. The __________ models or provides demonstrations of
exactly how to serve a volleyball.
3. The __________ encourages students to use theirreasoning powers to decide how to align defensiveplayers to stop an opposing team that fast breaks.
4. Since a curriculum based on this philosophy focuses onthe individual, the __________ focuses on teachingthe acceptance of responsibility for self-discipline,cooperation, and fair play.
5. The __________ emphasizes learning team sportsthrough which social skills are developed.
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PHILOSOPHY QUIZ6. A physical education and sport researcher is sometimes
called a/an __________ because he or she utilizes thescientific method of inquiry.
7. The __________ encourages students to select theirown movement activities and to be creative, such as
through designing a new cooperative game orexploring playground apparatus.
8. The wholeness rather than duality (mind versus body)of people is stressed by the __________ and the
__________ by their seeking to achieve psychomotor,cognitive, and affective outcomes in all classes.
9. Since to the __________ experience is critical forlearning, students are encouraged to experiment with
their own techniques in executing body movements.
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SAMPLE OF THE PHILOSOPHY
OF A PERSONAL TRAINER
I believe that every person should have theknowledge and skills to lead a healthy life. As apersonal trainer, I am committed to helping
each client learn how to eat right, exerciseregularly, and practice healthy behaviors. Theseare the top seven areas in which I can help:
Individualized instruction in exercise
programs-Teach and guide through fundamentaland advanced techniques and activities for thedevelopment of cardiovascular endurance,muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility
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SAMPLE OF THE PHILOSOPHY
OF A PERSONAL TRAINER
Nutritional counseling-Guide clients in the selection,preparation, and consumption of nutritious foodsthat will lead to the maintenance of good health
Motivation and positive reinforcement-Help clientsdevelop an intrinsic motivation to enjoy healthybehaviors by providing positive comments abouttheir effort, commitment, responsible actions, andpersistence as well as their progress in achievingnutritional and fitness goals
Safety-Ensure that clients complete each exercise,activity, and lifestyle change in a safe environment
with appropriate supervision
SAMPLE OF THE PHILOSOPHY
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SAMPLE OF THE PHILOSOPHY
OF A PERSONAL TRAINER Specificity of training-Direct prescribed exercises
and programs in congruence with personal goals,physical limitations, and physicians' directions
Injury or disease rehabilitation-Assist clients in
regaining levels of mobility and fitnesscommensurate with individual circumstances andwithin guidelines provided by physicians
Education-Provide information and resources to help
clients incorporate healthy behaviors into all aspectsof their lives
Living this philosophy gives me great satisfaction inknowing that I have made a significant difference in
the well-being of clients.
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Sport Ethics
THE INELIGIBLE PLAYER
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THE INELIGIBLE PLAYERTomorrow, your schools girls basketball team will play inthe state championship game. Everyone in the school and in
your small town is excited. A telephone call you just receivedfrom the new athletic director (Stacy Miller) suddenlythreatens to change everything. Miller tells you that Jody, the24-points per game star, is too old. In completing some
required paperwork for the state athletic association, sherealized what the previous athletic director had notdetermined, which is that Jody is 19 years old, thus makingher ineligible for high school sports. You are distraught
because you know that Jody is from a single-parent home andhas had past academic and behavioral problems in school butthat she has overcome these and changed since she joined thebasketball team. Miller is willing to keep this matter quiet, butsays that as coach you will have to decide whether to play thegame or not.
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DEFINITIONS
Moral values are the relative worth that is
placed on virtuous behaviors.
Principles are universal rules of conduct
that identify what kinds of actions,
intentions, and motives are valued.
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A PLAN FOR FAIR PLAY
Moral reasoning is the systematicprocess of evaluating personal values
and developing a consistent and an
impartial set of moral principles bywhich to live.
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A PLAN FOR FAIR PLAY
Moral knowing is the cognitive phaseof learning about moral issues and howto resolve them.
Moral valuing is the basis of what webelieve about ourselves, society, andtheories around us.
Moral acting is how we act based on
what we know and value.
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KOHLBERGS STAGES OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT Stage One focuses on actions done to avoid
punishment.
Stage Two emphasizes following rules for self-interest.
Stage Three suggests that people react to theexpectations of parents, peers, and authority figures.
Stage Four assumes that people conform to the socialsystem and social order.
Stage Five expects people to fulfill contract andindividual rights.
Stage Six posits universal ethical principles as the basis
for all actions.
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FOUR MORAL VALUES
Justice (treating others with fairness) Do not violate the rules of the game
Honesty (being trustworthy)
Do not cheat or lie Responsibility (fulfilling duty)
Do not act irresponsibly
Beneficence (fair play or doing good)
Do not harm an opponent
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RATIONALIZATIONS FOR
UNETHICAL BEHAVIORS
There is no rule against it.
Everyone else does it.
This action is not unethical because no one
will ever know about it.Circumstances require acting in this way.
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ETHICAL THEORIES
Teleological or consequential (utilitarianism)
theories focus on the end results or consequences
of processes or occurrences; the ultimate standard
of what is morally right is dependent on the
greatest amount of good for the greatest number of
people
Deontological or non-consequential (Kantian)
theories state that actions must conform to absolute
rules of moral behavior; there is an inherent
rightness apart from all consequences
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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
Moral duties are prescriptive and
independent of consequences
Fair play means playing within the letter
and spirit of the the rules
Seeking to win is acceptable only if the
letter and spirit of the rules are followed
An opponent is not the enemy but a
worthy athlete deserving to be treatedexactly as everyone would wish to be
treated
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CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVES
Retribution is never acceptableregardless of the unfairness orviolence of the initial action
Games are not played tointimidate; the ideal purpose isa mutual quest for excellencethrough challenge
Sportsmanship requiresmodesty and humility invictory, praise for the winners,and self-respect in defeat
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IS THIS CONDUCT ETHICAL?
A lineman or a defensive back is beaten by theopposing lineman or wide receiver, resulting in
a big play for the offense. On a subsequent
play, the lineman or defensive back takes out
his opponent with a vicious blind side hit to the
knees meant to cause injury, even though
neither player is involved with action near the
ball. Is this hit ethical? If not, how should thisintimidation be punished? How should the
lineman or defensive back be educated about
ethical conduct?
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IS THIS CONDUCT ETHICAL?
In his first at-bat after his grand-slam home run,
Mike is prepared for a brush-back pitch. He is notready for the inside fast ball aimed straight at hishead. He attempts to bail out of the batters box but
is hit by the pitch on the arm. He jumps up andcharges the mound, bat in hand, as both benchesclear. The ensuing brawl results in the ejection ofseveral players from the game. Why is the brush
back pitch seemingly an acceptable form ofgamesmanship in baseball? Does a ball thrown at abatters head justify his charging the mound? Whyare teammates expected to join in the fray? Should
these behaviors be changed?
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SUCCESS
PTHE PYRAMID OF SUCCESS Success is peace of mind which is a direct
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COMPETITIVE GREATNESS
POISE CONFIDENCE
CONDITION SKILL TEAM SPIRIT
SELF-CONTROL ALERTNESS INITIATIVE INTENTNESS
INDUSTRIOUSNESS FRIENDSHIP LOYALTY COOPERATION ENTHUSIASM
FAIT
H
F
IGHT
RES
OURC
EFULN
ESS
ADAPTA
BILITY
AMBITIO
N
RELIABILITY
INTEG
RITY
HONESTY
SINCE
RITY
PATIENCE
When the going gets tough, thetough get going. Be at your bestwhen your best is needed. Reallove of a hard battle.
Just being yourself. Being atease in any situation. Neverfighting yourself.
Respect without fear. Confidentnot cocky. May come from faithin yourself in knowing that youare prepared.
Mental - Moral - Physical. Rest,exercise, and diet must beconsidered. Moderation must bepracticed. Dissipation must beeliminated.
A knowledge of and the ability toproperly execute thefundamentals. Be prepared.Cover every detail.
An eagerness to sacrifice personalinterests or glory for the welfareof all. The team comes first.
Emotions under control. Delicateadjustment between mind and
body. Keep judgment andcommon sense.
Be observing constantly. Bequick to spot a weakness and
correct it or use it as the casemay warrant.
Cultivate the ability to makedecisions and think alone. Desire
to excel.
Ability to resist temptation andstay with your course.
Concentrate on your objectiveand be determined to reach your
goal.
There is no substitute for work.Worth while things come from
hard work and careful planning.
Comes from mutual esteem,respect, and devotion. A sincere
liking for all.
To yourself and to all thosedependent upon you. Keep your
self-respect.
With all levels of your co-workers.Help others and see the other
side.
Your heart must be in your work.Stimulate others.
Throu
ghprayer
Goodthings
taketime
(effo
rt&hustle
)
(prope
r
judg
ment)
(toan
y
situa
tion)
(prope
rly
focu
sed)
(othersdepend
uponyou)
(speaksforitself)
(inallways)
(makesfriends)
THE PYRAMID OF SUCCESS
John R. Wooden
Head Basketball Coach
UCLA
Success is peace of mind which is a directresult of self-satisfaction in knowing you did yourbest to become the best that you are capable ofbecoming.