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Pragmatic Approach and
the Choice of MethodsDr. Muhammad Islam
University of the Punjab
Ph D (University of Leeds, UK)
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Paradigmati on!it of the "uantitativeand "ualitative a##roahes
Philoso#hial Divide bet$een Positivists
and Inter#retivists dihotomy bet$een the %dedutive&
objetive&generali'ing and %indutive&subjetive&ontetual a##roahes(Morgan, *++, P. -)
eent /oies against strit 0ualitative 10uantitative demaration and the
emergene of ne$ vie$s 1 e.g. #ragmatism
Introduction
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Does insistence on mono-method
research pose any threat to theadvancement of the social sciences?
Does pragmatic approach (or its
philosophical companion -MixedMethod approach) oer a !ay out?
Points to Consider"
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#hree Ma$or%chools of#hought
Purists2ituation&
alistsPragmatists
Can &uantitative and &ualitativeApproaches Co-exist?
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Inom#atibility 3hesis (4o$e, 5677)
8aommodation bet$een #aradigms
is im#ossible . . . $e are led to vastly
diverse, dis#arate, and totally antithetialends8 (9uba, 566+, #. 75) 3$o se#arate researh ultures& 8one
#rofessing the su#eriority of :dee#, rih
observational data% and the other thevirtues of :hard, generali'able: ... data;
(2ieber, 56-, #. 5--
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=ous on %Di>erenes rather than on the%2imilarities
/ie$ing e#istemology and method as beingsynonymous
?arro$ de@nition of the one#t %2iene 1objetive veri@ation
2ubjetivity A Bbjetivity C 2ubjetivity
%fully objetive and value&free researh is amyth (ohnson E Bn$uegbu'ie, *++F, #.5G)
?earerfet reliability is not ahievable insoial sienes
Issues !ith ParadigmConicts
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Inter#retivists laim of multi#le and validaounts of %reality al$ays eist an bemisleading.
Un0uali@ed relativism of 0ualitative #urists "ualitative analysis %often remain #rivate
and unavailable for #ubli ins#etion(Honstas, 566*, #. *erent orientation
Continued
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Use of em#irial observations to addressresearh 0uestions
Use of safeguards to minimise on@rmation
bias and other soures of invalidity (e.g.triangulation, narrative onlusions andim#liations)
Derivation of meanings from the
inter#retation of Data Use of %data redution in both methods of
in0uiry
Commonalities et!een&ualitative and &uantitative
Approaches
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ole of %theory is entral for both #aradigms
"ualitative ##roahJ theory initiation A theorybuilding
"uantitative ##roahJ theory testing A theory
modi@ation oth em#irial and 0ualitative data are
interhangeable
9ueulette et al.s (5666) analysis of --6randomly seleted 0ualitative artiles 1 FF invlovled the blending of 0ualitative E0uantitative
Continued
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ll researh in the soial sienesre#resents an attem#t to understandhuman beings and the $orld around them
?eed to fous on removing the barriersagainst the merging of t$o methods
De&em#hasi'e the terms 0ualitative and0uantitative, instead subdivide researh
into %e#loratory and %on@rmatorymethods
#ragmati a##roah to researh instead ofa blind follo$ing of methodologial divide
*eed for a methodologicalPluralism + A ,ay or!ard
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3he meaning of an idea may be disovered in itsonse0uenes
oth methods may be useful in ertain researhsituations and an be #ut together to #rodue a
su#erior #rodut Provides a useful middle ground #hiloso#hially as
$ell as methodologially 3he goal of mied methods researh is not to
re#lae either of these a##roahes but rather todra$ from the strengths and minimi'e the$eanesses of both in single researh studies andaross studies.
Pragmatism + the philosophy ofmixed method approach
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.esearchApproach
&ualitative &uantitative Pragmatic
Honnetion ofthe theory and
data
Indution Dedution bdution
elationshi# toresearh#roess
2ubjetivity Bbjetivity Intersubjetivity
Inferene fromdata
Hontet 9enerality 3ransferability
A Comparison of .esearchApproaches
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Mied Method anJ Use narrative to add meaning to numbers Use numbers to add #reision to $ords generate and test a grounded theory ans$er a broader and more om#lete range of
researh 0uestions Use the strengths of an additional method to
overome the $eanesses in another method Provide stronger evidene for a onlusion
through onvergene and orroboration of@ndings
%trengths of Mixed Method.esearch
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Inrease the generali'ability of researh Produe more om#lete no$ledge to
inform theory and #ratie
Nnable researhers to be !eible in theirinvestigative tehni0ues Merge the researhers onerns and the
#artii#ants voie in a single study
Continued
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5. 3riangulation 1 seeing onvergene andorroboration of results from di>erentmethods
*. Hom#lementarity & seeing elaboration,enhanement, illustration, and lari@ationof the results from one method $ith resultsfrom the other method
-. Initiation & disovering #aradoes andontraditions that lead to a re&framing ofthe researh 0uestion
ive .ationales for MixedMethod .esearch
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F. Develo#ment & using the @ndings from onemethod to hel# inform the other method
erentmethods for di>erent in0uiry om#onents
Continued
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Mied method a##roah based on #ragmatismhas a great #otential to address multi&faetedissues in soial sienes researh.
esearhers should selet methods and
a##roahes $ith res#et to their underlyingresearh 0uestions, rather than $ith regard tosome #reoneived biases about a researh#aradigm
esearh methodologists formally reogni'e the third researh #aradigm and begin
systematially $riting about it and using it
Conclusion
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#han/ 0ou