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Practicum Orientation
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Contents
Background
Practicum Policies
Supervision
Coordination
Reporting
Practicum Work Organization Part
Macro Environment Micro Environment
International Market
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Actual Task Part
Management
Management Process
Organization Analysis Guide
Project Part
Defining Project/Research
Components of Research Projects
Rationale Objectives
Description
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Methods
Materials
Activity Plan
Data Analyses
Reporting Results Planning Project Works
Report Preparation and Presentation
Before writing the report
Report Format
Sample Standard Table of Contents
Oral Presentation
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Background
Value of practical work experience
Internship in a suitable and relevant
organization
An integral part of degree requirement
Course Load equivalent to 9 Credit hours
course work Preparing students for professional career in
respective field of study
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Background
Specialization and off-campus job experience
Learning into Action
Reporting the project activities in specified
format
a way help practical reporting
Presenting the report and defending the same
Work is graded by the respective department
Passing grade to qualify
Open up opportunities for future career
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Practicum Policies
Eligibility Completion of departmental course requirement
Qualifying through comprehensive exam
Qualifying in the English Language Competency Test(ELCT)
Authorization and issuance of placement letter byrespective Coordinator
Placement in a relevant organization for 12-16 weeks
Submission of a Standard Practicum Report andgetting the same approved by the RespectiveSupervisor and Coordinator
Clearance from Accounts, Library and Registry
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Practicum Policies
Program Structure
Three Phases
Organizational Orientation
Practicum Work
Report Submission (submission by deadline, defenseand viva)
Allowances
Practicum organizations are suggested to motivateinterns by paying Tk. 5,000/PM
This may vary from organization to organization
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Supervision
Organizational Supervisor
Designated Faculty Supervisor
Linkage between the supervisors
Regular supervision and guidance
The intern is to be punctual for office attendance
For leave, application to be made to the host
organization and designated supervisor at IUBAT Supervisors to guide in identification and
selection of project work
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Objectives
Gaining of Practical Experience by the Intern
Undertake task on a management problem of
the host organization
Selection of a problem
Collection and analyses of relevant
data/information
Recommend strategic solution
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ReportSubmission
Result Report to be prepared and submited to theuniversity and host organizing within the deadlinenotified by the Registry
2 Copies of Practicum Report (final/corrected onewith Rexene/Leather binding + earlier submitted oneduring practicum defense) and a soft copy of the finalreport is to be submitted at IUBAT Library by thestudenft
Attach the work completion letter fromHR/Supervisor/Appropriate Authority of theOrganization/Institution in the final report.
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Name, Address, and contact number of thefollowing persons separately in a envelop:
Chief of the Practicum Organization
Head of Human Resource Department/PersonnelDepartment/HRM
Supervisor
Filled-in IUBAT Alumni Association MembershipForm along with photocopy of MembershipReceipt and 3 copies of most recent Photographsseparately.
Report Receipt copy from IUBAT Library
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Coordination
The whole program to be coordinated byrespective Coordinator and Registry
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Practicum WorkORGANIZATION PART
ACTUAL TASK PART
PROJECT PART
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ORGANIZATION PART
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ECONOMIC
DEMOGRAPHIC
COMPETITORS
PUBLICS
Suppliers Company MKt
Intermediaries Customers
PHYSICAL
TECHNOL
OGICAL
POLITICAL
LEGAL
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Macro-Environment
DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT
Birth Rate
Age structure
People Education & Employment
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rapid change
Innovation opportunities
High R&D budget
Regulation of technology
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POLITICAL-LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
Laws
Government Agencies
Pressure Groups
SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT
Basic Beliefs, values & norms
Core beliefs Cultures
Sub-cultures
Macro-Environment
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COMPANY
SUPPLIERS
MKT. INTERMEDIARIES Middlemen
Physical Distribution Firms
Marketing service Agencies
Financial Intermediaries
CUSTOMERS
Consumer Market Industrial Market
Reseller Market
Govt. & Non-Profit Market
Micro-Environment
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INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
COMPETITORS
Market Positioning
PUBLICS
Financial Publics Media Publics
Government Publics
Citizen-Action Publics
Local Publics
General Publics
Internal Publics
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ACTUAL TASK PART
The Department/Division/Unit Structure
Manpower
Task specification Departmental goals
Departmental achievements
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MANAGEMENT
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Management involves proper functioning ofcooperative efforts through:
GUIDANCE
LEADERSHIPand
CONTROL
forGOAL
ACHIEVEMENT
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MANAGEMENT INVOLVES
ANALYSIS
PLANNING
STRUCTURING
MANNING
IMPLEMENTATION
CONTROL
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MANAGEMENT PROCESS
ANALYSIS PLANNING ORGANIZING IMPLEMENTING CONTROLLING
Environmental
Scanning
Data Processing
Decision Making
Process of Planning
Elements of Planning
-Individual
-Material
-Resources
-Information
Types of Plan
Structuring
Staffing
Departmentation
Supervision
Delegation
Decentralization
Functional
Specialization
Operational
programming/
scheduling
Coordination
Motivation
Leadership
Communication
Control Process
Elements of Control
Standard and
Measurement
Types of control
Feedback
Management Information System (MIS)
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Organization Analysis Guide
Analysis following management processes:
Comparative analysis
Findings
Recommendations
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PROJECT PART
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Definitions for Project/Research:
Methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover facts,
to establish or to develop a plan of action based on factsdiscovered
Attempt to find out information in a systematically and scientific
manner
Human activity based on intellectual investigation and is aimed atdiscovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on
different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific
method, but need not do so.
Diligent and thorough inquiry and investigation into a subject.
This includes using all appropriate print and electronic sources,asking the reference librarian for help, and making use of
bibliographies given by other authors.
The process of discovering new knowledge or of synthesis of
existing knowledge into a form useful for a stated purpose
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Why do we conduct Research
Projects?
To invent new things
To solve a prevailing problem
To support development programmes ofa country
To uplift living standards
Because we are inquisitive about thingshappening around us
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What are the Components of a
Research Project?
Rationale
Objectives
Project description
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Rationale
Underlying reasons
or
Reasoning or principle that underlies or
explains something,
or
a statement setting out this reasoning or
principle
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Objectives
A goal or aim
orExpected end result
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Project description
Duration (short-term, medium
term, Long-term)
Methods
Materials
Activity plan
Analyses of dataHow to report the results
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Methods
Practical
Laboratory
Field
Theoretical
Using published or written information
Using IT facilities
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Materials
Equipment
Major
MinorConsumables
Glassware
ChemicalsStationary etc.
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Activity Plan
Activity week/Days1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 X X
2 X X X X X
3 X X X
4 X X X X X
5 X X X X
6 X X X
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Analyses of Data
Using statistical methods
Computer programmes
etc.
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How to report results?
Tables
Graphs
Flow chartsPhotographs
Text
Filmetc.
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Planning Project Work
I. Project Title
II. Project Goal
III. Identification of Data Needs
IV. Data Collection Instruments
V. Sampling
VI. Data Collection
VII. Editing, Compilation, Collation andProcessing of Data
VIII. Analysis of Data
IX. Reporting & Presentation
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REPORTPREPARATION AND
PRESENTATION
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RESEARCH REPORT A research report is:
a written document or oral presentation based on a
written document that communicates the purpose, scope,
objective(s), hypotheses, methodology, findings,
limitations and finally, recommendations of a research
project to others.
The last stage of research process.;
It is more than a summary of findings; rather it is a record of the
research process. The researcher has to convince the readers that the
research findings can be acted on for their own benefit.
REPORTPREPARATION ANDPRESENTATION
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Types of Research Report
Any research report contains:
descriptions on methodology,
results obtained,
and recommendations made.
The basic orientation of a research report depends on
its audience. Before writing the report
the researcher must know his or her audience;
he/she may have to make assumptions about the
composition, background and interests of the target
readers.
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Two types of reports:-
Technical Report: suitable for a target audience of
researchers, research managers or other people familiar with
and interested in the technicalities such as research design,sampling methods, statistical details etc.,
Popular Report: suitable for:
a more general audience, interested mainly in the research
findings as it is non-technical in nature.
The writing style is designed to facilitate easy and
rapid reading and understanding of the research
findings and recommendations.
REPORT PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION PROCESS
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Pre-report
Writing
Activities
Report
Writing
Activities
Post
Report
Writing
Problem Definition,Research Designand Methodology
DataAnalysis
Interpretation ofResearchfindings
ReportPreparation
OralPresentattion
Reading of theReport
RESEARCHFOLLOW-UP
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The first step in the process involves..
the interpretation of the results of data analysis in
light of:
the research problem investigated,
and the research design and methodology followed.
The research report is a means of communication
that can be understood, believed, trusted by
everyone who are likely to be affected by theresearch, and acted upon by the decision maker.
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Before writing the report
the researcher should discuss: the major findings,conclusions, and recommendations with the key
stakeholders.
necessary to ensure that the report meets the needs of
the sponsor and is ultimately accepted.
The entire research project:
should be summarized in a single written report or inseveral reports addressed to different readers.
should present the findings in such a way that they can
be used directly as input into decision making.
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Report Format
No universally accepted standard format or style for
research writing. Different researchers may prepare
their reports differently.
The personality, background, expertise, and responsibility
of the researcher and those of the decision maker for
whom the report is written interact to give each report a
unique character.
Report formats are likely to vary with the nature of the
project itself. However, the research report closely
resembles the steps of the research process.
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Most research reports include the following elements:
Title page
Letter of transmittalTable of contents
List of tables
List of graphs
List of appendices
List of exhibits
I. Executive summarya. Major findings
b. Conclusions
c. Recommendations
II. Introductiona. Background to the
problemb. Statement of the problem
III. Approach to the problem
IV. Research design
a. Type of research designb. Information needs
c. Data collection from secondary sources
d. Data collection from primary sources
e. Scaling techniques
f. Questionnaire development and pretesting
g. Sampling techniques
h. Field workV. Data analysis
a. Methodologyb. Plan of data analysis
VI. Results
VII. Limitations and caveats
VIII. Conclusions and recommendationsVIV. Appendix
a. Questionnaires and formsb. Statistical output
c. Lists
d. Bibliography
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The results...
may be presented in several chapters of the report.
For example, the Community Baseline Survey
conducted by Dr M Alimullah Miyan in 1986 forthe Aga Khan Community Health Program at
Purana Palton, Dhaka, involved presentation of the
report in three chapters on background, seven
chapters in terms of contents and one chapter onconclusions.
The Table of Contents of the report is as follows:
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Table of Contents
1. General Setting of the Survey
1. Introduction
2. Health Situation in Bangladesh
1. Morbidity and Mortality
2. Systems of Medical Treatment
3. Institutional Frame-work for Health Care
3. Community Participation in Health
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2. Background of the Survey
1.Introduction of the Survey
2.Objectives
3.Areas of Survey
4.Organization of the Survey
h d l d
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3. Methodology and Design1. Approach and Survey Components
2. Selection of the Units of Investigation
3. Instruments of Data Collection and Collation1. Questionnaires1. Households Census Schedule
2. Questionnaire for the lady of the House
3. Field Instruction Manual
4. Data Transfer Sheet
4. Data Collection1. Recruitment2. Selection
3. Training
4. Evaluation
5. Assignment
6. Data Collection Procedures7. Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Processing and Analysis of Data
6. Reliability of estimates
4. Profile of the Clientele
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1. Demographic Characteristics1. Family size
2. Household size
3. Age structure1. Target women group2. Age distribution of children
4. Marital status
5. Family education level1. Educational attainment of men
2. Educational level of adults
3. School age girls
2. Economic characteristics1. Occupation
1. Occupation of lady of the house
2. Occupation of the adult women
3. Women outside occupation
4. Main occupation of men2. Family income
3. Cultural and community aspects1. Religion
2. Community participation
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5. Health Information and Education1. Service availability and awareness
2. Benefit awareness of health activities1. Pre-natal care2. Delivery by trained attendant
3. Post-natal care
4. Immunization of children
5. ORT for diarrhoea
6. Boiling water before consumption7. Protecting and covering food
8. Protecting against mosquito bites
9. Measuring weight gained during pregnancy
10.Measuring weight of newborn
11.Child growth monitoring12.Breastfeeding
3. Awareness of ORT
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6. Nutrition promotion
1.Breastfeeding
2.Supplementary feeding
3.Child weighing
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7. Maternal and Child Health
1.Pre-natal contacts
2.Birth attendants
3.Sibling under two years
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8. Immunization
1.Tetanus for women
2.BCG immunization for children
3.DPT immunization of children
4.Polio immunization of children
5.Measles immunization of children
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9. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
1.Drinking water sources
2.Defecation practices
3.Hygienic aspects
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10. Disease Incidence and Treatment
1.Common disease incidence
2.Diarrhoea incidence and treatment
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11. Accessibility of Health Care
1.Need and availability
2.Cost and satisfaction
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12. Health status of population1. Infant mortality
2. Child mortality
3. Maternal mortality
4. Crude birth rate BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEXURE-I: The Study Team
ANNEXURE-II: English Version of the Questionnaire ANNEXURE-III: Field Instruction Manual for Data
Collection
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Report Writing
Effective report writing is an art. Some basic points to note in writing a report.
Readers: The report should take into account the level of
readers' technical sophistication, their interest in the project,
ability to understand as well as the circumstances under whichthey will read the report and how they will use it..
Adherence to study objectives: A research report must show
that the research objectives have been accomplished..
Easy to follow: The most basic characteristic of a good report is
that it is easy to follow. It should be well organized, logically structured, and clearly and
lucidly written. Headings and sub-headings should be used for
different topics and subtopics respectively..
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Report Writing
Objective: Report writing should always be guided by
objectivity.
Should accurately present the methodology, results, and
conclusions of the project, without slanting the findingsto conform to the expectations of management.
Selectivity: A researcher must use his or her discretion in
deciding what should be included in the report.
Concise: A report should be concise. Yet brevity should not be
achieved at the expense of completeness.
Presentation: The report should be professionally done with
quality paper, good typing, and attractive binding.
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Report Writing
Visual aids: Key information presented in the text of a research report
should be reinforced with tables, graphs, pictures, maps, and other
visual devices.
Guidelines for Tables: Statistical tables are a vital part of the report
and deserve special attention. Every table should have a number and brief but clear title.
Basis or unit of measurement should be clearly stated to facilitate
understanding.
The arrangement of the data item should emphasize the most important
aspect of the data being presented. If necessary, explanations, comments etc. should be provided as
footnotes.
If the table presents secondary data, the source(s) must be cited clearly.
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Assimilation of Contents
Main body of the contents of a report must
reflect the contents of investigation, organised
into coherent chapters. For example, in the
Community Baseline Survey the main areas ofinvestigations were as follows which have
been organized into meaningful chapters as
has been done in the Table of Contents shownearlier:
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Areas of Investigation demographic characteristics
economic characteristics cultural and community conditions
health conditions
health knowledge and information
nutrition
dietary aspects of mother and children
maternal and child health care immunization
drinking water supply and sanitation
hygienic habits
defecation practices
disease incidence and treatment
Incidence and treatment of diarrhea
Access to health care
Community expectations
Use of existing public and private health care services
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Oral Presentation
Generally, an oral presentation supplements the writtenreport.
Should be carefully prepared keeping the audience in mind.
A good presentation does not mean a lengthy presentation.
Carefully selected visual aids such as graphs, tables, charts,maps etc. help presentation.
However, Too many visual aids, particularly statistical tables,
could often be boring and may not serve any purpose.
During oral presentation, people may seek clarification. The speaker must be patient and should not show signs of anger
or frustration. He or she should be natural, establish eye contact
with the audience, and interact with them.
Body language and descriptive gestures are also quite useful.
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Thank you