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PracticingCommunity-engaged
Research
PracticingCommunity-engaged
Research
Mary Anne McDonald, MA, Dr PHMary Anne McDonald, MA, Dr PH
Duke Center for Community ResearchDuke Center for Community ResearchDuke Translational Medicine InstituteDuke Translational Medicine Institute
Division of Community HealthDivision of Community HealthDepartment of Community and Family MedicineDepartment of Community and Family Medicine
Duke UniversityDuke University
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IntroductionIntroduction
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define community-engagement as:
“ the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define community-engagement as:
“ the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people.”
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Community-engaged ResearchCommunity-engaged Research A framework or approach for
conducting research
May be used with both qualitative and quantitative methods
Recognizes and builds on community strengths
Characterized by principles that guide the research
Requires partnership development
A framework or approach for conducting research
May be used with both qualitative and quantitative methods
Recognizes and builds on community strengths
Characterized by principles that guide the research
Requires partnership development
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A group of people Linked by social ties Sharing common perspectives or
interests Who may or may not share a
geographic location
A group of people Linked by social ties Sharing common perspectives or
interests Who may or may not share a
geographic location
CommunityCommunity
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Common culture or ethnic heritage
Where they live Similar age Speak the same language Religion
Communities are not homogeneous and seldom
speak with one voice
Common culture or ethnic heritage
Where they live Similar age Speak the same language Religion
Communities are not homogeneous and seldom
speak with one voice
Community Members haveCommunity Members haveCharacteristics in Common, Characteristics in Common,
such as:such as:
Community Members haveCommunity Members haveCharacteristics in Common, Characteristics in Common,
such as:such as:
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1. Translational Research and the History of Community-engaged Research
2. Differences Between Research Approaches
3. Incorporating a Community-engaged Approach Into Traditional Research
4. Trials, Tribulations and Rewards
1. Translational Research and the History of Community-engaged Research
2. Differences Between Research Approaches
3. Incorporating a Community-engaged Approach Into Traditional Research
4. Trials, Tribulations and Rewards
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1. Translational Research and History Of Community-
engaged Research
1. Translational Research and History Of Community-
engaged Research
Learning Objectives Identify reasons for NIH’s
increased emphasis on translational research.
Recognize how community-engaged research fits into the NIH translational research initiative.
Learning Objectives Identify reasons for NIH’s
increased emphasis on translational research.
Recognize how community-engaged research fits into the NIH translational research initiative.
Background on NIH’s translational research initiative
Background on NIH’s translational research initiative
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NIH RoadmapNIH Roadmap
Long term plan Sets priorities for NIH Emphasizes strengthening links
between research and practice Encourages improved
communication and cooperation between researchers and communities
Long term plan Sets priorities for NIH Emphasizes strengthening links
between research and practice Encourages improved
communication and cooperation between researchers and communities
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Learning Objectives Identify the historic roots and
philosophical basis of community-engaged research
Learning Objectives Identify the historic roots and
philosophical basis of community-engaged research
History and Development of the Community-engaged
Research Approach
History and Development of the Community-engaged
Research Approach
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Equality and co-learning Community problem solving
Role & experience of the observer
Equality and co-learning Community problem solving
Role & experience of the observer
Empowerment education
Theories of different but valid perspectives on what is being observed
Empowerment education
Theories of different but valid perspectives on what is being observed
Contributing TheoriesContributing Theories
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2. Differences Between Research Approaches
2. Differences Between Research Approaches
List the differences between a traditional research approach and a community-engaged approach
Describe elements of community-based participatory research (CBPR)
Explain how community-engaged research exists on a continuum
List the differences between a traditional research approach and a community-engaged approach
Describe elements of community-based participatory research (CBPR)
Explain how community-engaged research exists on a continuum
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
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Research “Subjects”Research “Subjects”
Researchers
Communities
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Research ParticipantsResearch Participants
Researchers Communities
Being the Being the subject ofsubject of research research is different from being a is different from being a participant inparticipant in research research
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Problem identified by researchers or
Researchers respond to request for proposalsResearch plan developed,
community selected & funds secured Intervention or data collection
developed and implementedCollect data
Interpret data, write papers & disseminate results to the
academic community
Analyze data
Traditional Research ProcessTraditional Research Process
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Community-engaged Research Includes the Full
Spectrum of Research Involving the Community
As Collaborators
Community-engaged Research Includes the Full
Spectrum of Research Involving the Community
As Collaborators
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Data is shared, researchers and
community decide its use and dissemination
Researchers own the data & decide how it will be used & disseminated
Researchers own data, control use & dissemination
Researcher & community share control equally
Researchers control research, community representatives may help make minor decisions
Researchers control process, resources & data interpretation
Researchers & community work
together to help build community capacity
Researchers gain skills & knowledge, some awareness of helping community develop skills
Researchers gain skills & knowledge
Community organizations are
partners with researchers
Community organizations may help recruit participants & serve on Advisory Board
Community organizations may assist
People as participants & collaborators
People as participants People as subjects
Research WITH community as full
partner
Research IN the community, or WITH the community
Research IN or ON the community
Community identifies problem or works with researcher to identify
problem
Researcher defines problem, community may contribute
Researcher defines problem
Community-based Participatory Research
Approach
Research with the community
Community-engaged ResearchTraditional Research Approach
Research WITH community as partner
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Community-based Participatory Research
(CPBR):
Community-based Participatory Research
(CPBR): Is a collaborative approach to research Equitably involves all partners in the
research process Recognizes unique strengths that each
brings Begins with a research topic of
importance to the community Combines knowledge with action [Aims to] achieve social change to
improve health outcomes and eliminate health disparities
Is a collaborative approach to research Equitably involves all partners in the
research process Recognizes unique strengths that each
brings Begins with a research topic of
importance to the community Combines knowledge with action [Aims to] achieve social change to
improve health outcomes and eliminate health disparities
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Strong partnerships between researcher and community
Community and researchers are equals
Both share responsibility and control
Community identifies problems
Researchers work with the community
Community organizations are experts on their community culture and health needs
Strong partnerships between researcher and community
Community and researchers are equals
Both share responsibility and control
Community identifies problems
Researchers work with the community
Community organizations are experts on their community culture and health needs
Community-based Participatory Research
(CBPR)
Community-based Participatory Research
(CBPR)
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Community-based Participatory Research
Builds Community Capacity
Community-based Participatory Research
Builds Community Capacity Communities identify problems
Communities develop solutions
Shared decision making power
Shared dissemination of data
Building a strong partnership takes
time, attention and reflection
Communities identify problems
Communities develop solutions
Shared decision making power
Shared dissemination of data
Building a strong partnership takes
time, attention and reflection
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3. Incorporating a Community-engaged Approach Into Traditional Research
3. Incorporating a Community-engaged Approach Into Traditional Research
Describe examples of how research projects could incorporate some principles of community-engaged research at different steps of the research process.
Describe how the role of the researcher differs in community-engaged research compared to traditional research.
Describe examples of how research projects could incorporate some principles of community-engaged research at different steps of the research process.
Describe how the role of the researcher differs in community-engaged research compared to traditional research.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Incorporating community-Incorporating community-engaged practices into engaged practices into traditional researchtraditional research
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Step 1, Problem Identification
Step 1, Problem Identification
Community members may approach researchers or
Researchers may approach community with a proposal for research
Community members may approach researchers or
Researchers may approach community with a proposal for research
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Step 2, Research Plan Developed, Community
Selected & Funds Secured
Step 2, Research Plan Developed, Community
Selected & Funds Secured Researchers may handle all these
steps Community organizations may
contribute Research questions Ideas on recruitment Advice on logistics Suggest other collaborating
organizations Advice on how to tailor for the
community context
Researchers may handle all these steps
Community organizations may contribute Research questions Ideas on recruitment Advice on logistics Suggest other collaborating
organizations Advice on how to tailor for the
community context
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Share drafts of the research proposal (or the funded grant) with community partners
Include funding for the work of community partners
Share information on the project budget
Share drafts of the research proposal (or the funded grant) with community partners
Include funding for the work of community partners
Share information on the project budget
To Build Trust, Researchers Should:
To Build Trust, Researchers Should:
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Step 3, Begin Study in Community
Step 3, Begin Study in Community
Involve community members as Project staff, in the office or in the
field
Advisors
Involvement helps with Recruitment and retention Community buy-in
Involve community members as Project staff, in the office or in the
field
Advisors
Involvement helps with Recruitment and retention Community buy-in
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Step 4, Develop & Implement Intervention or Data Collection
Process
Step 4, Develop & Implement Intervention or Data Collection
ProcessCommunity partners can
Help tailor the intervention Help tailor the data collection process Advise on problems Promote the study in the community Collect community’s responses
Community partners can
Help tailor the intervention Help tailor the data collection process Advise on problems Promote the study in the community Collect community’s responses
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Step 5, Collect DataStep 5, Collect Data
Community members can be hired to:
Administer questionnaires Log participation Read measurements Make observations
Community members can be hired to:
Administer questionnaires Log participation Read measurements Make observations
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Step 6, Analyze DataStep 6, Analyze Data
Office staff can assist in data cleaning
Office staff can assist in data cleaning
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Community may want to use
Meetings Radio programs Newspaper articles
Researchers need to discuss how and when to present findings in the community
Community may want to use
Meetings Radio programs Newspaper articles
Researchers need to discuss how and when to present findings in the community
Step 7, Report and Disseminate Results
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Receive credit for their contributions
Be included in press conferences
Attend and present at meetings, if possible
Be considered for inclusion as co-authors in papers
Receive credit for their contributions
Be included in press conferences
Attend and present at meetings, if possible
Be considered for inclusion as co-authors in papers
Community Members and Community Partner Organizations Should:
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Learner ObjectivesLearner Objectives Describe benefits from collaboration between Describe benefits from collaboration between
researchers and community partners.researchers and community partners. Describe possible complications when Describe possible complications when
researchers and community partners researchers and community partners collaborate. collaborate.
Identify challenges in the evaluation of Identify challenges in the evaluation of community-engaged research.community-engaged research.
Discuss academic beliefs about conducting Discuss academic beliefs about conducting community-engaged researchcommunity-engaged research
4. Trials, Tribulations and Rewards
4. Trials, Tribulations and Rewards
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Benefits of Using a Community-engaged Approach
Benefits of Using a Community-engaged Approach
1. Researchers can develop questions about health issues of concern to the community Results likely to be translatable
2. Community partnerships can help participant recruitment Community understanding can bring
community support
1. Researchers can develop questions about health issues of concern to the community Results likely to be translatable
2. Community partnerships can help participant recruitment Community understanding can bring
community support
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Benefits of Using a Community-engaged Approach
Benefits of Using a Community-engaged Approach
3. Community-engagement can improve the reliability and validity of: Measurement tools Questions and study procedures
4. Can inform researchers of community interpretations of research results
3. Community-engagement can improve the reliability and validity of: Measurement tools Questions and study procedures
4. Can inform researchers of community interpretations of research results
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Community PartnersCommunity Partners
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Community-engaged research: Includes domains seldom found in
health research Has few established evaluation scales
or methods
Researchers can include in research proposals:
Community-engagement goals & objectives
Intermediate measures for these goals & objectives
Community-engaged research: Includes domains seldom found in
health research Has few established evaluation scales
or methods
Researchers can include in research proposals:
Community-engagement goals & objectives
Intermediate measures for these goals & objectives
Evaluation ofCommunity-engaged Research
Evaluation ofCommunity-engaged Research
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Community-engaged Research May Challenge Status Quo
Beliefs
Community-engaged Research May Challenge Status Quo
Beliefs
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View community partners as knowledgeable& important contributors to research
And may also
Acknowledge that they and community members bring their own beliefs to research
Think beliefs and values should be recognized
View community partners as knowledgeable& important contributors to research
And may also
Acknowledge that they and community members bring their own beliefs to research
Think beliefs and values should be recognized
Community-engaged Researchers
Community-engaged Researchers
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ConclusionConclusion