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Practical Applications of Biosecurity and Biocontainment in Beef Cattle Health Programs
Dale M. Grotelueschen, DVM, MSManaging VeterinarianPfizer Beef Cattle Veterinary OperationsGering, Nebraska
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Begin With the End in Mind
% calf crop – number calves weaned divided by number females exposed
Pounds weaned/ females exposed
Price/pound Cost of production
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1st 21d
2nd 21d
3rd 21d
Calving Distribution
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Epidemiologic Triad for Disease Occurrence
Host Agent
Environment
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Options for Disease Control
Biosecurity &/or Biocontainment – including vaccination
Vaccination only Do nothing
Heartland Cattle CompanyMcCook, NE
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Reduced risk for disease, control or elimination of disease Biosecurity – the outcome of all actions
used to prevent disease agent entry into a unit of interest.
Biocontainment – the outcome of all actions resulting in control of a disease agent in a unit of interest
Dargatz, Vet Cl FoodAn 18 (2002) 1-5.
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Population DynamicsEffect of Vaccination or Field Exposure
Relative Level of Disease Resistance
Num
ber
of A
nim
als
Susceptibleto
DiseaseResistant
to Disease
Disease Challenge Level
Goals: •No or low exposure•No losses due to
disease
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Population DynamicsEffect of Vaccination or Field Exposure
Relative Level of Disease Resistance
Num
ber
of A
nim
als
Susceptibleto
DiseaseResistant
to Disease
Disease Challenge Level
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Population DynamicsEffect of Vaccination or Field Exposure
Relative Level of Disease Resistance
Num
ber
of A
nim
als
Susceptibleto
DiseaseResistant
to Disease
Disease Challenge Level
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Vaccination Must induce sufficient herd immunity. Must reduce probability of not-yet
infected animals becoming infected Levels of herd immunity may be
manipulated (examples) choice of vaccine interval between vaccination and exposure proportions to be vaccinated in the
population.
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Herd Immunity - Model
Rate of spread varies between viruses Vaccine coverage for herd BVD
immunity need be (based on mathematical models) 57% in herds without PI BVD cattle.97% in herds with PI BVD cattle.
To avoid episodic manifestations of disease.
Cherry, et al Prev Vet Med 33:91-108, 1998
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Disease Control Fundamentals
BiosecurityBiocontainment
IncreaseImmunity
EliminateAgent
PreventTransmission
Dargatz, et al, Vet Clin Food An 18 (2002) 1-5Smith, Vet Clin Food An 18 (2002) 157-175
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New Herd Introductions – Part of a Herd Biosecurity Plan
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These bulls are genetically superior and possess excellent quality characteristics.Is there a downside to purchasing one or more of these bulls?
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This cow has Johne’s disease•Chronic diarrhea
•Contagious
•Leads to Death
•Possible link to Crohn’s disease in humans
•Other cattle in herd (including calves) are carriers
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Is there a downside to purchasing one or more of these bulls IF THEY ORIGINATED FROM THE SAME HERD AS THE COW?
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Is there a downside to purchasing this heifer or 100 like her?#624 BVD PI Non-symptomatic Heifer
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Offspring of a purchased replacement heifer
This is a PI BVD Calf
BUT…...
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This Ranch………… Calved these replacement heifers separate
from the resident herd. Tested calves and then dams of positive
calves. Positives were culled before commingling
with resident herd. No added vaccination was needed
Resident herd (as part of existing health program) and new arrivals were already vaccinated
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This Ranch…………
Bottom line…..BVD was not introduced into the herd even though PI animals resulted from the purchase.
Spent about $150-200 on tests that potentially saved thousands over the next years.
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Calf Diarrhea
Introducing cattle during calving increases risk for scours
Most cattle carry 1 or more scours agents
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This includes grafting calves from any outside source
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New Herd IntroductionsManagement Considerations
Do not immediately commingle with resident herd.About 3-4 weeks may be sufficientAllows time for arrival testsAllows recovery time if acute disease occurs
Treat sick animals if illness occurs, isolate longer if needed
Pursue confirmed diagnosis if illness occurs.
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New Herd IntroductionsManagement Considerations
Do not commingle during calving season
Use vaccination to reduce risk when commingling is done
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New Herd IntroductionsManagement Considerations Plan for testing new arrivals (prior to or on arrival) to
minimize risk- set goals-examples……
Test for BVD PI status (including offspring of pregnant cattle-calve separate from resident herd)
Bovine Leukemia Johnes Disease (testing new arrivals may not be the best animals to
consider) Other
Introduce only virgin bulls or test to reduce risk Introduce only animals from “high health” sources
What is a “high health” source?
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What is the take home message?
The disease condition or disease outbreak prevented by a good biosecurity or biocontainment plan will never be recognized.
Success is business as usual Design a “new herd introductions” plan
that fits the goals of your operation
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BVD Control Applied Biosecurity and Biocontainment
Combined use of resources and knowledge to control BVD virusApplication of disease control strategiesManagement Appropriate use of testsAppropriate use of vaccines
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BVDV Disease - Acute
Incubation 5-7 days Viremia (virus in blood
circulation) 4-5 d after infection (up to 15 d)
Seroconversion 2-4 wk later
Virus shedding - low concentrations compared to PI
Diarrhea,slobbering, fever
Ulcers - lips, gums, esophagus, etc.
Immune suppression Fetal infections Most infections are not
noticed - estimate 70-90% are subclinical but can be severe (death)
Ref: Baker, Vet Cl. N. Am. 11:3, 1995
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Persistently Persistently infectedinfected female female giving birthgiving birth
Persistent Infection - Routes
AcuteAcute infectioninfection-
pregnant female
exposed to NCP
BVDV PersistentlPersistently Infected y Infected calfcalf
(Wittum, et al, Prev Vet Med 49 (2001) 83-94)
93%
7%
1½-4+ monthsgestation
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BVD EconomicsEffects of Persistent Infection
10 year farm profitability model Reduced pregnancy rate (5%) Increased preweaning mortality (10%) Decreased weaning weight (0.5%)
Economic effect was $14.85-$24.84 per year decreased return to fixed costs per beef cow exposed.
Herd BVD control is economically beneficial
Larson, et al, Bov Pract 36(2) 106-112, 2002~20 Bucks
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Transmission of BVD Virus
Between HerdsMost commonly by PI animals introduced
to herds. If prevalence is 2%, risk of purchasing PI
animal in a group of 20 is 33%.P = 1- probability of buying non PI animal.
P = 1 – 0.98n n = number of animals purchased.
Houe, Vet Microbiology 1999
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BVD PI Diagnostic TestsEach has advantages/disadvantages
IHC Ear Notch Immunohistochemistry
Microplate Virus Isolation
ELISA –serum and fresh tissue
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Virus isolation
Positive
Negative
Photos courtesy of Dr. Bruce Brodersen,Univ of NE
IHC Ear Notch Test
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Testing and Culling PI Cattle
Critical for elimination of BVD
Identify goals before testing Monitoring Biosecurity Biocontainment
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BVD Control: Role for vaccine in breeding herds Prevention of PI calves is the primary goal. BVD fetal protection studies in Europe, UK
& US show effectiveness but variability. Vaccines do not prevent all PI calves Expectations Not all vaccines have been tested for
ability to prevent PI calves.
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Fundamental Components of BVD Control Plans
Prevent BVD entry into herds-BiosecurityEspecially new herd additions, effective contacts
Targeted vaccination-prevent PI calves In the event exposure occurs
Identify BVD infected herds-BiocontainmentTest strategies to eliminate PI BVD animals
Surveillance/Monitoring
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Beef Herd Prevalence For PI BVDHerd Prevalence Estimates
2.7% to 3.9% (95% CI 0.5-12%) of herds randomly selected from veterinary clinic client listings.
19.2% (95% CI 10-33%) of herds with previous history, clinical signs, &/or diagnosis of BVD.
Cows had 5% lower pregnancy rates in herds with 1 or more PI calves
Wittum, et al, Prev Vet Med 49 (2001) 83-94
95% CI (confidence interval) is used to report the range of values that thedata indicate has a 95% probability of containing the true population mean.
A minority of herds contain
PI calves-likely fewer than 10%
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BVD Biosecurity Plan
Test all herd additions - PI BVD Prearrival test Isolate and test on arrival Isolate and test offspring of pregnant females
Prevent effective contacts Cattle flow (on premises, between premises) Fencelines Trailer use by others Other cattle on premises Other contacts
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Fundamental Components of BVD Control Plans
Prevent BVD entry into herds-BiosecurityEspecially new herd additions, effective contacts
Targeted vaccination-prevent PI calves In the event exposure occurs
Identify BVD infected herds-BiocontainmentTest strategies to eliminate PI BVD animals
Surveillance/Monitoring
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Beef Cattle - Prebreeding Test of Calves, Bulls, Cattle without Calves
Negative
Retain in Herd
Positive
Sell for Slaughter
Bulls and Cattle without
CalvesRemove Positive Calves and Dams
from Herd Prebreeding
Calves
Adapted from:Kelling,et al,The Bov Pract, 34:1 (2000) 13-22
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Remove Positive Calves and Dams from Herd Prebreeding
Sell positive calves for slaughter
Test Dams
Positive Cow - PI calf product
of PI cow
Sell for slaughter
Only cow may return to herd
Negative Cow - PI calf from
acute infection
Adapted from:Kelling,et al,The Bov Pract, 34:1 (2000) 13-22
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Disposition/Disclosure of PI BVD Animals
Defective animals AVC Standards of Practice and AABP
statements…moral, ethical and potentially legal
obligation…………. strongly opposes marketing or
movement of BVD PI animals in any manner that potentially exposes at-risk cattle.
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Goal for BVD Control: Prevention of BVD PI cattle
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What goals do I have? Examples
Keep BVD out of my herd.
Prove BVD is not present in my herd
Eliminate BVD from my herd
Need assurance I do not market PI BVD cattle to my customers
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What’s the take home message? Cow/calf operations need a BVD control
plan-including goals. Prevent entry of BVD virus into your herd Use BVD vaccine with strong data proving
effectiveness in preventing PI calves. Eliminate PI BVD animals from your herd if present Monitor for presence/absence of PI BVD cattle
Watch for updates, marketing opportunities, etc. associated with BVD Control
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Thank You!Thank You!Dale M. Grotelueschen, DVM, MS
Beef Cattle Veterinary Operations, PfizerGering, NE308-436-4491