Classification of OrganismsClassification of Organisms
It’s always changing!!!!It’s always changing!!!!
TaxonomyTaxonomy
The science of The science of describing, naming, and describing, naming, and classifying organismsclassifying organisms
How Did We Get Our Modern How Did We Get Our Modern System of Classification?System of Classification?
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature A system for giving each organism a A system for giving each organism a
two-word scientific name that consists two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the of the genus name followed by the species namespecies name
Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist in Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist in the 1700sthe 1700s
Approach has been universally Approach has been universally adoptedadopted
The organism’s “scientific name”The organism’s “scientific name”
Genus & SpeciesGenus & Species A level of classification that comes after family and A level of classification that comes after family and
that contains similar speciesthat contains similar species
The first word in the scientific nameThe first word in the scientific name– CapitalizedCapitalized
The second word (the species name)The second word (the species name)– LowercasedLowercased
Homo sapiensHomo sapiens
FamilyFamily Similar generaSimilar genera
Hominidae (Great Apes)Hominidae (Great Apes)
OrderOrder A grouping of similar familiesA grouping of similar families
PrimatesPrimates
ClassClass A grouping of orders A grouping of orders
with common propertieswith common properties
MammaliaMammalia
PhylumPhylum Classes with similar Classes with similar
characteristicscharacteristics
Chordata (subphylum: Chordata (subphylum: Vertebrata)Vertebrata)
KingdomKingdom Similar phyla grouped togetherSimilar phyla grouped together
AnimaliaAnimalia
DomainDomain Largest and most inclusive taxonomic categoryLargest and most inclusive taxonomic category
Similar kingdoms grouped togetherSimilar kingdoms grouped together
3 domains3 domains
– Archaea (prokaryotes)Archaea (prokaryotes)
– Bacteria (prokaryotes)Bacteria (prokaryotes)
– Eukarya (4 kingdoms of eukaryotes)Eukarya (4 kingdoms of eukaryotes)
DomainDomain
DomainDomain
DomainDomain Archaea (prokaryotes)Archaea (prokaryotes)
– Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria– Live in extreme environments: volcanic hot springs, brine pools, Live in extreme environments: volcanic hot springs, brine pools,
black organic mudblack organic mud– Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (murein): made of sugars and (murein): made of sugars and
amino acidsamino acids
Bacteria (prokaryotes)Bacteria (prokaryotes)– Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria– Free-living soil organisms to deadly parasitesFree-living soil organisms to deadly parasites– Cell wall contains peptidoglycanCell wall contains peptidoglycan
DomainDomain EukaryaEukarya
– Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
– Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
– Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
– Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
How Do I Remember It All?How Do I Remember It All? DDo o KKindly indly PPay ay CCash ash OOr r FFurnish urnish GGood ood SSecurityecurity DDearear K King ing PPhilip hilip CCame ame OOver ver FFor or GGood ood SSoup oup DDidid K Kermit ermit PPuke uke CCookies ookies OOn n FFozzie's ozzie's GGreen reen SSweater?weater?
– DomainDomain– KingdomKingdom– PhylumPhylum– ClassClass– OrderOrder– FamilyFamily– GenusGenus– SpeciesSpecies
Biological SpeciesBiological Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce only A group of organisms that can reproduce only among themselves and that are usually among themselves and that are usually contained in a geographic regioncontained in a geographic region
Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution
The process by which The process by which unrelated species become unrelated species become more similar as they more similar as they adapt to the same kind of adapt to the same kind of environmentenvironment
Analogous CharactersAnalogous Characters
Similarities that arise through convergent Similarities that arise through convergent evolutionevolution
PhylogenyPhylogeny The evolutionary The evolutionary
history of a species or history of a species or taxonomic grouptaxonomic group
Discovered through Discovered through molecular sequencing molecular sequencing data and morphological data and morphological data matricesdata matrices
CladisticsCladistics
A phylogenetic classification system that uses A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxasole criterion for grouping taxa
Example: birds and mammals: Example: birds and mammals: – a backbone is an a backbone is an ancestral characterancestral character– feathers are a feathers are a derived characterderived character
CladogramCladogram A diagram that is based on patterns of shared, derived A diagram that is based on patterns of shared, derived
traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships traits and that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organismsbetween groups of organisms