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8/17/2019 Ppt Intro to Translation

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4.3.1 Attribution

In English most attributive constructions consist of threecomponents:

1. a subject, normally information shared by speaker

and audience.

2. a copulative verb , for example, be, become, seem, appear. a predicate element indicating state !they are tired", class

!she is a doctor", characteristic !the shirt appears red" or

identity !#ohn $hompson is my colleague"

%pposition is also a type of attribution

for example: my friend, &ill #ones and valleys in the mountains

of the brain, convolutions that greatly increase the surface

area.


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4.3.3 Restriction

$he process of restriction involves the addition of

(ords that semantically restrict the range of

reference of some head expression.

*or example, the term men could potentially refer

to some +- of the (orlds population, but the

addition of old in old men significantly reduces orrestricts the range of reference of men. $he

further addition of preposed and postposed terms,

as in radically restricts the phrase old men.


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Cont.

$he process of restriction is one of the most common types

of relations bet(een (ords

*or example

Walked fast !activity and characteristic"

Tired worker !state and entity" The dish on the table !entity and location"

If he works, he must be paid !condition and activity"

Probably escaped !modal and activity"

Continued training !aspect and activity" Those who arrived late !entities and activity"

Came to help her !activity and purpose"

An attack late at night !activity and time"


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4.3.4 Content

Expressions of content occur primarily (ith verbs ofcommunication, perception, learning, and kno(ledge:

he said he would return, he saw the thief enter bythe

back window, the men felt a strange movement coming

up through the basement, he learned how to whistle,they all knew that they were condemned to death.

$hese relations of content may also be analy/ed as

restrictions, but regarding them as various types ofcontent seems not only structurally justified, but such a

classification is useful in treating certain parallel verb0

object combinations: told the story, eplained the !oke,

knew the lesson, sensed her agony of spirit .


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a. Transitionals

$ransitional expressions such asnevertheless, furthermore,

moreover, therefore, net, finally,

to conclude are often

semantically euivalent to an

entire sentence.

*or example, the transitional

furthermore suggests in addition

to (hat has already been said, itis important to consider the

follo(ing.3 Even a (ord such as

next at the beginning of a

sentence calls attention to (hat

has been said, as (ell as to the

follo(ing comment. $he

transitional finally also links the

preceding (ith (hat follo(s and

marks (hat follo(s as the end of

a series. $he relation of

transitionals to (hat precedes

and to (hat follo(s is essentially

coordinate.

b. Conjunctions

Coordinating

and !additive"4 "ohn and #ary rock and roll

4 "ohn was in the basement and#ary was in the kitchen

or !alternative"4 #ary or "ane4 They will finish the work, or at

least they will try to finish4 but, except !he will try but is

unlikely to succeed 4 all but Philip were delighted with

the resultsadversative or disjunctive"

5ome coordinating conjunctions occur in

couplets: both6and, either6or,

neither6nor

Subordinating

so that, in order to, if, although, because,

(hen, (hile.

*or example, he left money so that she

could travel they founded a new

company in order to epand into a new

industry

we will do it if you pay the cost

although he was sick, he insisted on

continuing the !ourney

no one was drunk when we were there$he clauses introduced by subordinating

conjunctions are all restrictive

c. Prepositions

'repositions not only

connect sets of (ords to

one another, but they also

indicate a (ide range of

associated meanings: time

!the noise during the

night",

space !the ball under the

couch", agency !given by a(ealthy donor", cause !a

flood because of spring

rains", extension !a

journey through Egypt",

purpose

!money for a ne( car". %llof these types of

prepositional phrases are

restrictive..

4.3.5 Connection

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