Download - Ppt group iii b
Created By :Group 1
Lia Agustini (06121010007)
Ranny Rolinda Rusman (06121010020)Arum Estu Tami (06121010028)
1. Scandium Scandium derived from latin scandia which means
scandinavia
Scandium was discovered by Lars Nilson in 1879 inSweden.
Scandium is found in minerals euxenite, thortveitile,thortvetile and Gadoline at Scandinavia andMadagascar.
Properties of Scandium
Scandium is a silver-white metal that changes color to yellow if it reacts with air.
physical properties of scandiumPhysical properties :
1. Density : 3 g/cm3
2. Melting Point : 1812.2 K
3. Boiling Point : 3021 K
4. Form (25 ° C) : solid
5. Color : white silver
Atomic Properties Of Scandium Atomic Properties
1. Atomic number : 21
2. The mass number : 44,956
3. Electron Configuration : [Ar] 3d1 4S2
4. Atomic Volume : 15 cm3/mol
5. electron affinity : 18.1 kJ / mol
6. Electronegativities : 1.36
7. ionisation energy- first : 631 kJ / mol, second : 1235kJ / mol, third : 2389 kJ / mol
8. main oxidation states : +3
9. other oxidation states : +1, +2
10. Shape Crystal : Hexagonal Unit Cell
In the solid state of scandium has a hexagonal crystalstructure.
Chemical Properties and chemical reactionsChemical Properties of Scandium
Reaction with water:
When heated, the Scandium will dissolve in water toform a solution consisting of ions Sc (III) andhydrogen gas.
2Sc(s) + 6H2O(aq) ---> 2Sc3+(aq) + 6OH-
(aq) + 3H2(g)
Reaction with oxygen
In the reaction with the air or combustion quickly itwill form scandium (III) oxide.
4Sc(s) + 3O2(g) ---> 2Sc2O3(s)
Reactions with halogens
Scandium is very reactive when it reacts with all thehalogens to form trihalides elements.
2Sc(s) + 3F2(g) ---> 2ScF3(s)
2Sc(s) + 3Cl2(g) ---> 2ScCl3(s)
2Sc(s) + 3Br2(l) ---> 2ScBr3(s)
2Sc(s) + 3I2(s) ---> 2ScI3(s)
The reaction with acid
Scandium readily soluble in hydrochloric acid to forma solution containing ions Sc (III) and hydrogen gas.
Sc(s) + 6HCl(aq) ---> 2Sc3+(aq) + 6Cl-
(aq) + 3H2(g)
Useful of Scandium Clorida Scandium (ScCl3), where these compounds
can be found in halide lamps, fiber optic, and laserceramic electrolyte.
primary application of the elements scandium alloy isas alumunium- scandium is used for sports equipment(bikes) that have a high quality.
other applications is the use of scandium iodide forlights that provide a high intensity. Sc2O3 is used as acatalyst in the manufacture of Acetone
For Health and Environment Effects
Scandium is not toxic, but need to be careful becausesome scandium compounds may be carcinogenic inhumans but it can cause liver damage if it accumulatesin the body.
Together with aquatic animals, Sc can cause damage tothe cell membrane, thus providing a negative effect onthe reproductive and nervous systems.
Sc can contaminate the environment, especially fromthe petroleum industry and from the disposal ofhousehold furniture.
Sc continuously accumulate in the soil, it will triggerthe concentration in the human body and animals.
2. YitriumYitrium is a group IIIB element residing in the period 5.
Yitrium included in the transition metal.
Yitrium was discovered by researchers from Finland named Johan Gadolin and isolated in 1794 by Friedrich Wohler in 1828 in the form of impure extract of yttriafrom yttrium chloride anhydrous reduction (YCl3) with potassium.
Properties of Yitrium Pyshical Properties
1. Density : 4,5 g/cm3
2. Melting Point : 1799 [or 1526 ° C (2779 ° F)] K
3. Boiling Point : 3609 [or 3.336 ° C (6037 ° F)] K
4. Form (25°C) : solid
5. Color : silver
Atomic Properties1. Atomic Number : 39
2. Mass Number : 88,91
3. Electron Configuration : [Kr] 4d1 5s2
4. Atomic volume : 19,8 cm3/mol
5. Affinity Electron : 29,6 kJ/mol
Chemical Properties and Chemical Reaction Reaction with water
When heated it Yitrium metal will dissolve in water to form a solution consisting of ion Y (III) and hydrogen gas
2Y(s) + 6H2O(aq) → 2Y3+(aq) + 6OH-
(aq) + 3H2(g)
Reaction with oxygen
In the reaction with the air or combustion quickly itwill form Yitrium (III) oxide
4Y(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Y2O3(s)
Reactions with halogens
Yitrium is very reactive when it reacts with all thehalogens to form trihalides elements.
2Y(s) + 3F2(g) → 2YF3(s)
2Y(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2YCl3(s)
2Y(s) + 3Br2(g) → 2YBr3(s)
2Y(s) + 3I2(g) → 2YI3(s)
Reaction with acid
Yitrium easily soluble in hydrochloric acid to form asolution containing ions of Y (III) and hydrogen gas.
2Y(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2Y3+(aq) + 6Cl-
(aq) + 3H2(g)
Useful of Yitrium
Allumunium Yitrium Garnet Y3All5O12 is used for laser,stimulant and diamond.
Yitrium is also used to increase the strength of themetals aluminum and magnesium alloy
For Health and Environment Effects
Yitrium danger if react with the air is if inhaled byhumans can cause cancer and if it accumulates inexcess amounts in the body causing damage to theliver.
Yitrium can contaminate the environment, especiallyfrom the petroleum industry and from the disposal ofhousehold furniture.
3. Lanthanium
lanthanium discovered in Sweden by Carl GustavMosander which is a great chemist with the nickname"father moses" in 1893
Lanthanium derived from latin “Lanthana” whichmeans hidden.
Physical Properties of Lanthanium Lanthanum is a silvery white metal
malleable
strong but soft enough to cut with a knife.
Lanthanium is one of the highly reactive metals.
Lanthanium oxidizing rapidly when exposed to air.
Lanthanum has a density of 6,17 g/cm3.
melting point of 1193.2 K
boiling point of 3693 K.
Chemical Properties Reaction with water
Lanthanum is quite electropositive and reacts slowlywith cold water but fairly quickly if it reacts with hotwater to form hydrogen gas and hydroxide Lanthana.
2La(s)+6H2O(g) → 2La(OH)3(aq)+3H2(g)
Reaction with oxygen
In the reaction with the air or combustion quickly itwill form Lanthana (III) oxide.
4La(s) + 3O2(g) → 2La2O3(s)
Reactions with halogens
Lanthanum metal reacts with all the halogen elementsform Lanthana (III) halide.
2La(s) + 3F2(g) → 2LaF3(s)
2La(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2LaCl3(s)
2La(s) + 3Br2(g) → 2LaBr3(s)
2La(s) + 3I2(g) → 2LaI3(s)
Useful of Lanthanium La2O2 is used to create a special optical glass (glass
adsorbs infrared, camera and telescope lenses).
If La is added in the steel will increase the softness anddurability of the steel.
La was used as the main material in the carbonelectrode (carbon arc electrodes).
La salts contained in the zeolite catalysts used in thepetroleum refining process.
One of the uses of the compounds Lanthanida goal isin the film industry for studio lighting and projection.
For Health and Environment Effects La is very dangerous if the fog and the smoke inhaled
with the influx of oxygen and in the long term, will beable to cause embolism.
If the person can breathe La affected by lung cancer.
If accumulates in the body, the La-threatening liverorgan.
La can contaminate the environment, especially fromthe petroleum industry and from the disposal ofhousehold furniture.
4. Actinium The word actinium comes from the Greek, activism,
aktinos, which means “light”.
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by Andre-LouisDebierne a French chemist who separates from themixture actinium. Actinium is separated fromuranium ores
Physical Properties1. Density : 10 g/cm3
2. Melting Point : 1323.2 K
3. Boiling Point : 2743 K
4. Form (25 ° C) : solid
5. Color : white silver
6. Melting Heat : 14 kj/mol
7. Heat of evaporation : 400 kj/mol
8. material Capacity : (25 ° C) 27,2 J mol -1 K -1
Chemical Properties
Actinium shows chemical properties similar tolanthanum
Reaction with Oxygen
Actinium is flammable and form actinium (III) oxide.
4Ac(s) + 3O2(g)→ 2Ac2O3(s)
Useful
The properties of radioactivity of actinium 150 timeslarger than radium, making it possible to use Ac as aneutron source.
Ac-225 is used as a healing agent for the "radio-immunotherapy".
For Health and Environtment Effects Actinium-227 is highly radioactive and adverse health
effects.
The greatest danger from radioactive transform life aswe know it is a danger to the reproductive system andthe nature of the decline.
Even with low-dose carcinogenic which causes adecrease in the immune system.