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PowerPoint Presentation to accompany
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9/e
by
Shier, Butler, and Lewis
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UNIT ONE
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Chapter One
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
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Understanding the Human Body
Our earliest ancestors were interested in the way their
bodies worked.
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• Through time and changes in human activity, ideas about health and the body evolved.
•People began asking questions that set the stage for modern medical science.
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Modern Medical Knowledge
• Techniques for making accurate observations and performing experiments improved and knowledge expanded.
• This new knowledge required a specialized language. These terms,derived primarily from Greek and Latin, formed the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology.
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy involves the study of the structures of the body parts (morphology).
• Physiology considers the function of these body parts, what they do and how they do it.
• Both anatomy and physiology rely on each other. Form follows function and function leads to form.
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The Human Organism
It is difficult to separate
anatomy and physiology
because structure makes
possible function.
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• Anatomy and physiology are ongoing as well as ancient fields.
• Research at the molecular level and new findings help in understanding the human organism.
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Characteristics of Animal Life
• Movement• Responsiveness• Growth• Reproduction• Respiration
• Digestion• Absorption• Circulation• Assimilation• Excretion
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Requirements of Life
• Water - required for metabolism, transport, regulation
• Food - substances that provide nutrients
• Oxygen - used in the release of energy
• Heat - a form of energy which helps control metabolic reactions
• Pressure - application of force on an object
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Homeostasis
• The internal environment of the body protects cells.
•The body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.
•Homeostasis is often maintained by a mechanism called negative feedback.
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Examples of Homeostasis
• Regulation of glucose in the blood
• Regulation of blood pressure
• Regulation of body temperature
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Negative feedback
• Homeostasis is the consequence of a self-regulating control system that operates by a mechanism called negative feedback.
•Such a system receives signals about changes in the internal environment and then causes responses that reverse these changes back to the set point.
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Figure 1.5
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Homeostasis in Medicine
• Homeostasis mechanisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment, but physiological values vary in an individual.
•Normal values for an individual and the idea of a normal range for the population are clinically important.
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Levels of Organization
• Atoms- tiny particles that make up matter
• Molecules- atoms bound together
• Macromolecules- large molecules, polymers
• Organelles- activity specific structures
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• Cells- basic unit of structure and function
• Tissues- groups of cells
• Organs- structures with specialized function
• Organ systems- groups of organs that perform a function
• Organism- the sum of the organ systems
Levels of Organization cont.
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavity
– cranial cavity
– vertebral cavity
• Ventral Cavity– thoracic cavity
• mediastinum– abdominopelvic
cavity• abdominal
cavity• pelvic cavity
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Figure 1.7a
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Figure 1.7b
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Serous Membranes
• Parietal layer lines the wall.
• Visceral layer lines the organs.
• Thoracic membranes line the chest.
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Serous Membranes
• Pleural membranes surround the lungs.
• Pericardial membranes surround the heart.
• Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Organ Systems
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic
• Digestive
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Reproductive
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Integumentary System
• Skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
• Protects underlying tissues
• Site of sensory receptors
• Regulates body temperature
• Synthesis of biochemicals
• Needed by the body
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Skeletal System
• Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
• Body framework
• Protection of vital organs
• Attachment for muscles
• Blood cell production
• Storage of inorganic salts
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Muscular System
• Muscles
• Body movement
• Body posture
• Generation of body heat
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Nervous System
• Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
• Detect changes in the internal and external environment
• Receive and interpret sensory information
• Stimulate muscles and glands
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Endocrine System
• Glands that secrete hormones, chemical messengers that travel in the blood or other body fluids
• Hormones alter
metabolism in target cells
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Transport Systems• Cardiovascular system
– heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood
– transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes
• Lymphatic system– lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphocytes
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Digestive System
• Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine
• Ingestion of food
• Breakdown of food molecules
• Absorption of nutrients
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Respiratory System
• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Movement and exchange of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
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Urinary System
• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Remove wastes from blood
• Maintain body water and electrolyte balance
• Transport urine
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Reproductive System• Male: scrotum, testes,
epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis
• Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
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Reproductive System• Produces gametes,
support development
of embryo
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Lifespan Changes• Aging is the passage of time and accompanying bodily changes, from the whole-body level to the microscopic level.
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Lifespan Changes• Changes at the tissue, cell, and molecular levels
explain the familiar signs of aging.
• A clearer understanding
of the precise steps will emerge
as we understand the
role of genes in
this process.
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Anatomical Terminology
• Superior/Inferior: above or below a body
• Anterior/Posterior: in front of or behind
• Medial/Lateral: towards the middle or side
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Anatomical Terminology cont.
• Proximal: close to a body part
• Distal: far from a body part
• Superficial/Deep: on the surface or lying beneath
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Planes through the Body
• Sagittal: lengthwise cut dividing body into right and left portions.
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Planes through the Body
• Transverse (horizontal): cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
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Planes through the Body
Coronal (frontal): section that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Fig 1.18
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Body Regions
• Right hypochondriac region
• Right lumbar region• Right iliac region• Epigastric region• Umbilical region
• Hypogastric region• Left hypochondriac
region• Left lumbar region• Left iliac region
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Fig 1.21
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Body Regions cont.
• Right upper quadrant• Right lower quadrant
• Left upper quadrant• Left lower quadrant
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Fig 1.22