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Powered Re-entry Vehicle
David Lammers
ASTE 527 Concept13 December 2011
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Why and What is Powered Re-entry?
• Take advantage of on orbit refueling• ΔV burn to decrease re-entry velocity• Light weight • Lower heat of re-entry = no heavy heat
shield tiles• Easier on passengers (lower decelerations)• Easier on vehicle = reusability• Unlimited cross range capability
– Land anywhere on the Earth you desire
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Fuel Depot
Game changing technology to utilize future on-orbit fuel depots
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Powered Re-entry Vehicle
• Small vehicle – Lightweight– Decreases up and down propellant requirement
• Designed for a small crew only– 3-6 astronauts
• Horizontal landing– May incorporate air breathing/turboprop propulsion for in-
atmosphere range extension
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PRV
• Must be delivered to space– Ex. X-37
• X-37 architecture • Build on sub-orbital platform
– Space Ship 2, Lynx, Super Mod, etc.
• Low weight materials– Carbon composites– Less (or no)TPS
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Case Study: X-37
• Phased design• Designed for a 3.1 km/s ΔV and 270 days in orbit• launch weight of ~ 5000 kg• Upgraded X-37C design announced 2011
– 165-180% scale of X-37B– Carry up to 6 astronauts in modified cargo bay
Reported Cost ($ in millions)• 1999: NASA 109, USAF 16, Boeing 67• 2002: Boeing awarded additional 310 under SLI • Total of $500 million
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Case Study: Space Ship Two
• Suborbital (~110km)• Max velocity ~ Mach 3 (SS1)• Increase drag through
“feathering”– Highly stable– Low skin temperature
• Allows use of light weight carbon composites without heat shield
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Velocity Profile of Shuttle
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Propellant Requirement
• Uses Ideal Rocket Equation which neglects all forces other than thrust
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 300000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Propellant Mass (kg)
"Fin
al"
Vel
oci
ty (
m/s
) Peak Heating Region
5000 kg initial mass(X-37B)
1200kg burnout mass
5000kg burnout mass
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Size Comparisons of X-37 and Shuttle
• Shuttle loaded mass 381,600 kg (estimate)– 81,600 kg dry mass
• X-37B loaded mass 4,990 kg– 2,600 kg dry mass (estimate)
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Reusability is Key
• Low mechanical stress and low heat buildup on vehicle should lead to a highly reusable system
• Need to keep turnaround costs down– Est. $450 million per shuttle launch– Ideally the craft could be reused quickly
with almost zero cycle cost
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Multiple PRV’s
Credit: Buzz Aldrin
• Economies of scale• More customers
– Nations– Private industry– Individuals
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Future Work
• Feasibility– Would a system like this really work
• Simulation comparing reentry velocity, drag, delta V, aerothermal simulation, etc.
• Figure out maximum velocity that the “feathering” technique could be employed– Initial thought it needs to be done at the apex
of a trajectory, thus a very low (almost zero) velocity
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References
http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=16639http://www.protechcomposites.com/pages/High-Temp-Panels.htmlhttp://blogs.voanews.com/science-world/files/2011/09/iss.jpghttp://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/upload/2009/05/could_an_asteroid_have_wiped_o/impact3.jpghttp://spacesolarpower.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/fotovoltaico_spaziale.jpghttp://up-ship.com/blog/?p=639http://buzzaldrin.com/space-vision/rocket_science/multi-crew-modules/http://
www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/about/information/shuttle_faq.html
blogs.airspacemag.com/.../10/x37-still-aloft/
http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/space/hsfe_shuttle/facts.html
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Powered Re-entry Vehicle
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BACKUP SLIDES
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Reentry, as it is Now
Shuttle– Mach 25 at 120 km– TPS = 8574 kg (30,000 tiles)
• Includes all types of tiles FRSI, LRSI (FIB), HRSI, and RCC
FRSI < 371 CFIB < 649 CHRSI < 1260 CRCC > 1260 C